Based on multi-sited fieldwork conducted between 2011 and 2020, this paper shows that homo/bisexual parents are dealing with several dimensions of heteronormativity when they interact with street-level bureaucrats. Street-level bureaucrats treat differently same and mixed-sex couples because of legal distinction or discrimination. In the cases studied, parenthood begins in the margins of French medical facilities and adoption services that, in turn, legitimize reproductive heterosexuality. Same-sex families face the presumption of heterosexuality which transforms their first meetings with each street-level bureaucrats into coming out. They negotiate with CAF (an institution which gives them benefits), daycare homes, schools, etc., in their daily contacts. These parents’ interpretations and reactions differ according to their trajectory, socio-economic resources, their legal status, and how much agency they can have in each of these public services.
- family
- gender
- heteronormativity
- legal consciousness
- lgbt
- public services
- same-sex families
- school
- sexuality