The relationship between the respective challenges faced by scientific research and diplomacy involves what has now come to be known as “scientific diplomacy.” This text aims to provide a better understanding of this new and still-unfamiliar concept, by exploring the dual logic that underlies scientific diplomacy. It is collaborative because different countries need to get along with each other and cooperate, especially when it comes to dealing with threats to the survival of humanity. It is also competitive, when national defense and the promotion of national interests are at the forefront, as is illustrated by policies designed to increase the drawing power of a country’s scientific endeavors.