CAIRN-INT.INFO : International Edition

I – General trends and population age structure

A narrowing gap between birth and death rates

1On 1 January 2014, the population of France was close to 66 million (65.8 million), including 2.1 million in the overseas departments excluding Mayotte, and 0.2 million in Mayotte (Bellamy and Beaumel, 2014).

2Over the course of 2013, the population increased by 300,000, of which 240,000 in metropolitan France (mainland France and Corsica), where the growth rate was 0.42%. [1] This is a decrease with respect to 2012, when it was estimated at 0.49% (Appendix Table A.1). [2] This growth was due mainly to natural increase (3.4 per 1,000), which is the difference between the birth rate of 12.2 per 1,000 and the death rate of 8.8 per 1,000. The gap between these two rates has been progressively narrowing, from 4.6 per 1,000 in 2006 to 3.4 per 1,000 in 2013 (Appendix Table A.1).

The rate of natural increase remains one of the highest in the European Union

3The rate of natural increase in France is among the highest in the European Union (Figure 1). In 2012, just half of the countries in the EU had a positive rate. Ireland topped the rankings thanks to its high fertility and a younger age structure than other countries. In 2010, the median age of the Irish population was 34.3 years, versus 44.2 years in Germany ; the proportion of individuals aged 65 or older in the two countries was 11% and 20.7%, respectively (Mazuy et al., 2013).

Figure 1

Annual rates of natural increase, 2001-2012, European Union (per 1,000)

Figure 1

Annual rates of natural increase, 2001-2012, European Union (per 1,000)

Coverage : European Union (28 countries).
Source : Eurostat (site consulted in July 2014).

4Rates of natural increase vary from a maximum of 9.5 per 1,000 in Ireland to a minimum of –5.5 per 1,000 in Bulgaria. The rate is between 5.2 and 2.1 per 1,000 in six countries (Cyprus, Luxembourg, France, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and the Netherlands) and between 1.7 and 0.6 per 1,000 in seven countries (Belgium, Malta, Finland, Slovenia, Spain, Denmark, and Slovakia). The other 14 countries have zero or negative rates. Seven countries have a rate between 0 and –1.7 per 1,000 (Poland, Czech Republic, Austria, Estonia, Italy, Greece, and Portugal). Finally, the remaining seven countries have a rate between –2.3 and –5.5 per 1,000 (Croatia, [3] Germany, Romania, Lithuania, Hungary, Latvia, and Bulgaria).

5Net migration rates in certain countries are low or even negative, notably in the countries of central and eastern Europe, but also in Spain, Greece, and Ireland (Figure 2). This is speeding up population decline in certain countries, such as Bulgaria and Latvia, for example, which have negative rates of both natural increase and net migration, and which lost more than 10% of their respective populations between 1980 and 2010 (Avdeev et al., 2011). In situations of falling natural growth rates, the migratory component, when positive, has a stronger relative impact on levels of growth and on the ongoing processes of population ageing (Ambrosetti and Giudici, 2013).

Figure 2

Annual rates of net migration, 2001-2012, European Union (per 1,000)

Figure 2

Annual rates of net migration, 2001-2012, European Union (per 1,000)

Coverage : European Union (28 countries).
Source : Eurostat (site consulted in July 2014).

6In the countries of southern, central, and eastern Europe, the population under age 20 has fallen drastically, decreasing by more than 30%, for example, between 1980 and 2008 in Bulgaria, Latvia, the Czech Republic, and Romania, and by 35% in Italy over the same period. At the same time, the older population has increased to a varying extent (at the top of the age pyramid), due to mortality conditions that diverge across different European countries. In central and eastern Europe and in the Baltic countries, less favourable mortality conditions have slowed the growth of the older population. In Hungary and the Czech Republic, for example, it increased relatively slowly over this period (10%) due to high mortality.

Ageing of the French population is set to accelerate

7The transformation of the French population pyramid over the last century (1914-2014) reflects the progressive ageing of the population (Figure 3) (Pison, 2014). In 1914 the pyramid was in the shape of a haystack. In 2014 its base is still relatively wide, but the baby-boom generations will strongly accentuate the ageing process in the coming decades. The 1954 population pyramid clearly illustrates the effects of the two World Wars (in particular, the birth deficit) as well as longer-term effects such as the baby boom (the first large cohorts are quite visible at the base of the pyramid). In the near future, the arrival of these large cohorts in the upper age groups (above age 65) and the decrease in the proportion of women of reproductive age in the population will strongly affect crude birth and death rates, as well as the age distribution of the population. In 2014, a quarter of the population is below 20 years old. Another quarter is 60 years old or more, and nearly one person in ten (9.2%) is aged 75 or older (Appendix Table A.2). The over-60s will make up an increasing proportion of the population in the coming decades, and they could account for 30% of the total in 2035 (Blanpain and Chardon, 2010).

Figure 3

Population pyramids in 1914, 1954, and 2014

Figure 3

Population pyramids in 1914, 1954, and 2014

1 Shortfall of births due to the war of 1870
2 Exceptional infant mortality in 1911 due to a summer heat wave
3 Military losses of the 1914-1918 war
4 Shortfall of births due to the 1914-1918 war (depleted cohorts)
5 Depleted cohorts reach childbearing age
6 Shortfall of births due to the war of 1939-1945
7 Start of baby boom
8 End of baby-boom
Coverage : Metropolitan France.
Source : Pison, 2014.

II – Statistics on immigration from third countries, based on long-term residence permits

8Net migration, which measures the difference between entries and exits of persons to and from French territory over the course of a year, can be decomposed into the entries and exits of French nationals and those of foreigners. Certain citizens of countries outside the European Union are obliged to hold a residence permit to reside in France. This section focuses on recent trends in the entries of citizens of these countries.

A third of permits are long-term visas equivalent to residence permits

9Flows of foreigners [4] arriving legally in France to establish residence in the country can be estimated from statistics on long-term residence permits and long-term visas (valid for one year or more) valid as residence permits. These statistics only concern countries whose nationals require a residence permit to live in France, so they exclude migrants from within Europe (i.e. from countries listed in Footnote 5). They are based on data from the system used by the French Ministry of the Interior to track the status of foreigners residing in France (AGDREF) and were compiled at INED (Appendix Table A.3).

10To ensure consistency of comparisons over time, the statistics presented below are established for a constant geographical area. They therefore exclude residence permits granted previously to immigrants from countries whose nationals no longer need a residence permit. [5]

11The residence permits considered here have two important characteristics. First, they are valid for a period of more than one year, so all short-term permits are excluded. Second, among the permits of more than one year granted to a given immigrant, only the first is taken into account, to avoid counting the same person more than once. These methodological choices enable us to focus on permanent migration and to count the inflow of foreigners with long-term migrant status. In other words, migrants who were granted two successive seven-month permits and then left the country, for example, are not counted. Moreover, flows are characterized on the basis of the permits themselves : validity start date, period of validity, and the reason for granting the permit. Two of the permit-holder’s characteristics are also taken into account : sex and age at the time the permit was granted. The principal advantage of the AGDREF database is its exhaustive coverage of migrants receiving a long-term permit.

12Additional figures are also published by the Ministry of the Interior, whose statistics include all permits granted (including short-term permits), and by INSEE, which estimates migrants’ actual date of arrival in France and duration of stay. The latter estimates thus correspond more closely to international standards, notably those of Eurostat, which recommends that estimates be based on the actual duration of stay, rather than on the period of validity of the residence permit. To produce its estimates, INSEE uses a census question on year of arrival in France. However, flows estimated from census data are also based on a constant geographical area, and are comparable to those calculated using the AGDREF database (Brutel, 2014 ; Arbel and Costemalle, 2015).

13Table 1 presents the flows, between 2007 and 2012, of migrants who were granted a residence permit with a duration of one year or more for the first time. The number of permits granted to foreigners remains very stable around a mean of approximately 182,000 per year. In the last few years, there has been a slight downward tendency in this figure. Nearly 90% of these first permits are valid for less than 10 years.

Table 1

Number of first permits of one year or more granted to nationals of third countries (constant geographical area) by first year of validity and period of validity

Table 1
Period of validity 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 364 to 3649 days 152,684 159,984 167,175 163,629 157,784 159,209 More than 3649 days 24,727 24,345 22,326 20,905 19,957 20,868 Total 177,411 184,329 189,501 184,534 177,741 180,077

Number of first permits of one year or more granted to nationals of third countries (constant geographical area) by first year of validity and period of validity

Coverage : Permits granted in France and abroad to nationals of countries not listed in Footnote 5. Permits granted in year n and recorded in the data extracted in July of the year n + 2, except for 2009, when extraction took place in July 2012.
Source : Authors’ calculations based on AGDREF data.

14Residence permits are issued in France, whereas long-term visas valid as residence permits are issued in French consulates abroad. The AGDREF only takes into account holders of long-term visas who present themselves at the prefecture on arrival in France. This is an obligatory requirement for migrants wishing to live in France for more than one year. Since 2010, long-term visas valid as residence permits have represented more than 36% of all permits granted.

A majority of women and of adults below age 35

15The distribution of permits granted in 2012 by age and sex reveals the concentration of migrants in the 20-35 age group (Figure 4). More women than men were granted residence permits, and their mean age was slightly higher.

Figure 4

Distribution of permits granted in 2012 by age and sex

Figure 4

Distribution of permits granted in 2012 by age and sex

Source : Authors’ calculations based on AGDREF data.

16The age distribution of adult permit holders remained very stable over the period (Table 2). The proportion of minors, who are generally not legally required to apply for a permit, has been decreasing steadily since 2005. In 2012, 17,509 permits were granted to minors. Among adults, the age distribution was highly concentrated in the youngest age group : two thirds of permits were granted to persons aged 18-34.

Table 2

Distribution of holders of a first residence permit of one year or more by age group and first year of validity (%)

Table 2
Age group 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0-17 14.0 11.2 9.8 9.7 9.9 9.7 18-34 63.3 64.2 65.3 65.1 64.5 64.4 35-64 21.1 23.1 23.4 23.7 24.2 24.5 65+ 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5

Distribution of holders of a first residence permit of one year or more by age group and first year of validity (%)

Coverage : Permits granted to foreigners. See Table 1.
Source : Authors’ calculations based on AGDREF data.

17The majority of residence permit holders are women (Table 3). The trend towards an increasing proportion of women among migrants (Beauchemin et al. 2013), which has been clearly marked since 2000, continued over the period covered here.

Table 3

Distribution of adult holders of a first residence permit of one year or more by sex and first year of validity (%)

Table 3
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Men 47.5 49.7 49.0 48.7 48.6 47.8 Women 52.5 50.3 51.0 51.3 51.4 52.2

Distribution of adult holders of a first residence permit of one year or more by sex and first year of validity (%)

Coverage : Permits granted to foreigners. See Table 1.
Source : Authors’ calculations based on AGDREF data.

18African nationals represent a large majority of recipients of a first residence permit, although their proportion has decreased slightly since 2002, and the proportion of immigrants from other continents has increased (Table 4). The principal countries of origin of recipients were Algeria (24,460 permits granted in 2012), Morocco (21,616 permits), Tunisia (11,374 permits), and Turkey (6,626 permits).

Table 4

Distribution of holders of a first residence permit of one year or more by continent of origin and first year of validity (%)

Table 4
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Africa 58.3 58.7 57.7 57.3 56.9 57.0 America 10.8 10.8 10.7 12.6 11.9 11.5 Asia 24.4 24.3 25.4 24.1 24.3 24.5 Europe 5.9 5.6 5.6 5.5 6.3 6.4 Oceania 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4

Distribution of holders of a first residence permit of one year or more by continent of origin and first year of validity (%)

Coverage : Permits granted to foreigners by nationality of origin. Turkey is included in Asia. Europe includes all countries not listed in Footnote 5. The total does not necessarily sum to 100 due to rounding and missing values.
Source : Authors’ calculations based on AGDREF data.

Half of permits are granted for family reasons, a quarter for educational reasons

19The proportion of permits granted for family reasons seems to have strongly declined over the period considered (Table 5), returning to the level of the early 2000s. Analysis of recent changes is difficult, however, given the large increase in permits granted for unspecified reasons. Half of permits were granted for family reasons, and a quarter for educational reasons. In 2012, 9,753 permits were granted for work-related reasons (including 915 for seasonal work) and 17,338 for humanitarian reasons.

Table 5

Distribution of holders of a first residence permit of one year or more by reason for admission and first year of validity (%)

Table 5
Reason 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Work 3.5 3.8 9.3 8.8 7.3 6.0 Family 60.7 58.8 52.2 51.3 51.4 50.7 Education 20.7 23.0 24.4 25.1 25.8 25.2 Humanitarian 8.3 8.3 9.0 9.3 9.3 9.4 Various and unspecified 6.7 6.1 5.1 6.2 9.4 9.2

Distribution of holders of a first residence permit of one year or more by reason for admission and first year of validity (%)

Coverage : permits granted to foreigners, by reason for admission listed in AGDREF.
Source : Authors’ calculations based on AGDREF data.

III – Births, birth rates and women’s fertility

A downward tendency since 2010

20The estimated number of births in 2013 is 810,000 for the whole of France and 780,000 for the metropolitan départements. There were fewer births in 2013 than in 2012, when 821,000 births were registered, including 790,000 in metropolitan France (Appendix Table A.1). This decrease is due to the combination of a slight decrease in women’s fertility, which fell from 2.01 children per woman in 2012 to 1.99 in 2013 (1.99 in 2012 and 1.97 in 2013 for metropolitan France), and a 0.7% decrease in the number of women of reproductive age over the year 2013 (Bellamy and Beaumel, 2014). The number of births registered in 2012 is close to that of 2005.

21The crude birth rate decreased from 12.4 to 12.2 births per 1,000 inhabitants, a drop of 1.2% between 2012 and 2013. The number of births is gradually decreasing even as the total population continues to increase ; the result is a decrease in the crude birth rate.

Moderate continuation of the trend towards later childbearing

22Only the fertility of women aged 35 or older increased slightly between 2012 and 2013, reaching 338 births per 1,000 women at ages 35-39, and 87 births per 1,000 women aged 40 or above (versus 332 and 84, respectively, in 2012) (Table 6). The fertility rates of all other age groups decreased. The sharpest fall was at ages 20-24, followed by ages 25-29. The shift toward later fertility continues.

Table 6

Fertility by age group since 2008 (per 1,000 women)*,(a)

Table 6
Age reached in the year Sum of age-specific rates Absolute variation* 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (a) 2008- 2009 2009- 2010 2010- 2011 2011- 2012 2012- 2013 Below 20 36 35 35 34 34 33 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 20-24 276 271 272 262 257 247 -5 1 -10 -5 -10 25-29 643 639 642 634 627 615 -4 +3 -8 -7 -12 30-34 650 653 665 657 660 654 +3 +12 -8 +3 -6 35-39 308 314 322 327 332 338 +5 +8 +5 +6 +6 40+ 76 76 80 83 84 87 0 +4 +3 +1 +3 Total* (TFR) 1,990 1,989 2,016 1,997 1,994 1,974 -1 +27 -19 -3 -20

Fertility by age group since 2008 (per 1,000 women)*,(a)

* due to rounding, the total may differ slightly from the sum, and the variations may not correspond to apparent differences.
(a) Provisional data.
Coverage : Metropolitan France.
Source : Authors’ calculations based on birth records, adjusted according to the size of the female population at each age.

23Looking at changes since 1960, it can be seen that modal values fell sharply from the 1960s to the 1980s, as did fertility rates at later ages (Figure 5). In 1990, the curve of age-specific fertility rates began shifting to the right. This pattern reflects progressive increases in age at childbirth. Since the 1990s, the year-on-year differences in age-specific fertility rates have decreased ; the tendency towards later childbearing has continued, but at a more moderate pace. After decreasing in the 1960s and 1970s, mean age at childbearing (calculated using age-specific rates) began to increase in the late 1970s, and continued to do so over subsequent years. Women had children at a mean age of 27.6 years in 1960, 26.8 years in 1980, 29.4 years in 2000, and 30 years in 2010.

Figure 5

Age-specific fertility rates in 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2013 (per 1,000 women)

Figure 5

Age-specific fertility rates in 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2013 (per 1,000 women)

Coverage : Metropolitan France.
Source : Authors’ calculations based on birth records, adjusted according to the size of the female population at each age.

24This recent pattern of change is due mainly to the widespread diffusion of contraception, which has offered women and couples greater control over the timing of childbirth. Age at first childbirth (which has been above 28 since 2010, see Appendix Table A.4), intervals between births, and number of children (notably with the diffusion of the two-child norm) are no longer left to chance.

Fertility remains high

25According to current estimates, fertility levels in France continued to rank among Europe’s highest in 2013. In 2012, France was in third place, behind Ireland and Iceland (Appendix Table A.6). Fertility remained very low in the countries of southern and eastern Europe. Germany, Cyprus, Spain, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Portugal, and Slovakia recorded the lowest fertility in 2012, with total fertility rates below 1.4 children per woman. Estimates of completed fertility are also very low for these countries (between 1.4 and 1.6 children per woman for the cohorts born in the mid-1970s). [6] In France, the mean number of children has stabilized at two children per woman for all the cohorts born in the late 1960s and 1970s (Appendix Table A.5). Mean age at childbearing has increased less in certain European countries than in France. In some countries, however, notably in eastern Europe, fertility remains relatively early. This is the case in Bulgaria, Slovakia, and Lithuania, where the mean age is below 27 (Appendix Table A.7). The countries with the highest mean age at childbearing are Spain, Ireland, and Italy, where it is above 31 years.

IV – Induced abortion

Stable rates and concentration of demand at ages 20-24

26According to data based on medical statistics, the number of induced abortions remained stable in 2012 (Vilain et al., 2014). A total of 219,200 abortions [7] were registered in 2012, of which 207,120 in metropolitan France (Appendix Table A.8). The abortion rate is stable, at 14.5 induced abortions per 1,000 women aged 15-49. Abortions have become less frequent among minors and women below age 20, and are now concentrated at ages 20-24. In 2012, abortions performed at ages 20-29 accounted for nearly half of the total abortion rate (48%), those performed at ages 30-39 for 30%, those before age 20 for 15%, and those after age 40 for 7% (according to rates calculated from data in the PMSI medical statistics database). The mean age at abortion was 27.6 years in 2012. [8]

Fewer women seek induced abortions, but repeat abortions are more frequent

27Data from abortion notifications (Box) indicate the number of previous induced abortions and the date of the last abortion. Analysis of the data reveals that repeat abortions have become more frequent since the late 1990s. The stability of abortion rates thus results from two opposing trends : a lower lifetime probability of having an induced abortion, but an increase in the probability, among women who have an abortion, that they will do so more than once. Moreover, frequency of repeat abortion increases with decreasing age at first abortion : 48% of women who have a first abortion before age 26 subsequently have repeat abortions, versus 18% of those who have their first induced abortion after this age (Mazuy et al., 2014).

Statistics based on abortion notifications and other sources of statistical data

For each induced abortion, physicians fill in an anonymous abortion notification. These notifications are sent to regional health agencies and centralized by the Ministry of Health, which makes them available to INED and INSERM through anonymous databases. Since legalization of abortion by the Veil Act in 1975, INED is required to publish annual statistics on induced abortions. There have been a series of different versions of the notifications since 1975, and the resulting data are not strictly homogeneous through time (Mazuy et al., 2014). Beyond 2015, it is not known if the system for recording data from abortion notifications will continue, since medical statistics can also be used to analyse induced abortions. However, hospital statistics provide less detailed information than abortion notifications or dedicated surveys. These data could potentially be expanded with various medical variables (such as the number of previous abortions, date of last abortion, number of previous births). General population surveys underestimate induced abortions and cannot be used as a primary source to assess changes in abortion rates over time, but they offer much more detailed information on the life context of women who have abortions. Finally, analyses could also be based on dedicated surveys of women who have had an induced abortion over the course of a reference period. The last survey of this type was carried out in 2007 with an initial sample of 200 health facilities, 1,300 practitioners, and 13,000 women. The survey was spread over one to six months depending on the type of abortion, the region, and the women’s age (Vilain et al., 2011 ; Collet et al., 2012). A survey of healthcare facilities aimed at studying waiting times and difficulties encountered by women seeking an abortion was commissioned by the Minister of Health in March 2014.

V – Marriages, civil partnerships (PACS), and divorces

A renewed downtrend in marriages

28After a slight rise in 2012, the already long-established downtrend in marriages continued in 2013, with the number of marriages reaching a historical low of 231,000. From 1900 until the mid 1960s, the annual number of marriages oscillated around 300,000, with highly marked variations, notably linked to the two World Wars and to their knock-on effects over the short, medium, and long term (Figure 6A). The cohorts born in the 1950s, who reached adulthood in the 1970s, made up a numerically large “reserve” of marriageable men and women. A peak in marriages was recorded in the early 1970s, with more than 410,000 marriages in the year 1972. Up until that year, decreasing age at marriage had reinforced this effect. Beginning in 1972, the number of marriages began to decrease. In the 1990s, the pattern of change was more erratic, but the downtrend in marriages resumed in the early 2000s. In parallel, civil partnerships (pacte civil de solidarité, PACS) were introduced on 15 November 1999 and became increasingly popular. Although the PACS did not completely substitute for marriage, it very probably contributed to the decline in the annual number of marriages.

Figure 6A

Number of marriages (1901 to 2013) and civil partnerships (1999-2013)

Figure 6A

Number of marriages (1901 to 2013) and civil partnerships (1999-2013)

29For some couples, civil partnership is seen as an alternative to marriage, while for others it may constitute a “trial marriage” (Rault, 2009). The PACS is thus contributing both to the drop in the number of marriages and to their postponement.

30The slight increase in marriages in 2012 (Figure 6B) could be linked to the 2011 tax reform : since 1 January 2011, married persons (and those in civil partnerships) no longer fill in three income tax declarations (as two singles and then as one couple) in the year of their marriage (or PACS), but instead must choose between one joint declaration or two separate declarations for the full year (i.e. their income tax is now calculated over the entire year and no longer separately for the periods before and after the marriage or PACS). This reform may have had a marked dissuasive effect in 2011, the first year of its application. The 2012 increase should thus be viewed more as a catch-up effect following the drop in marriages in 2011, with the additional marriages in 2012 being postponed weddings initially planned for 2011.

Figure 6B

Number of marriages and civil partnerships (close-up on 1999-2013)

Figure 6B

Number of marriages and civil partnerships (close-up on 1999-2013)

Coverage : Metropolitan France.

31Source : INSEE and the Ministry of Justice.

The number of first marriages continues to decrease

32The decrease in first marriages is measured by the sum of rates (total first marriage rate) or the overall probability of first marriage. Between 1972 and 2012, the total first marriage rate fell from 91.7 to 46.6 first marriages per 100 men, and from 94.8 to 47.5 first marriages per 100 women. Probability data show a strong decrease in the proportion of marriages between never-married persons up to age 50 : it fell from 90 first marriages per 100 nevermarried men in 1972 to 53.5 in 2012, and from 93.4 first marriages per 100 never-married women to 56.3 for the same years (Beaumel and Bellamy, 2014). Women’s and men’s probabilities of first marriage follow a similar pattern between 1970 and 2012, in terms of both level and intensity, but men marry two years later on average due to the age gap between spouses (Figure 7). In 40 years, mean age at first marriage has increased by more than eight years for both sexes : never-married women married for the first time at a mean age of 22.5 years on average in 1972 and of 31.1 years in 2012 (according to agespecific probabilities) ; the respective figures for men are 24.6 and 32.8 years. Across cohorts, the delay in first marriages is also pronounced : the mean age was below 23 for women born in the mid-1950s and is above 28 for women born in the 1970s. The respective figures for men are age 25 (for those born in the mid-1950s) and above 30 for those born in the 1970s (Appendix Table A.10).

Figure 7

Age-specific probability of first marriage, women and men, 1972-2012 (per 10,000)

Figure 7

Age-specific probability of first marriage, women and men, 1972-2012 (per 10,000)

Coverage : Metropolitan France.
Source : INSEE.

7,000 same-sex marriages in 2013

33Law no. 2013-404 of 17 May 2013 authorized marriage between two persons of the same sex, and 7,000 same-sex marriages were contracted in that year (Bellamy and Beaumel, 2014). They took place in the second half of 2013, following enactment of the law on 18 May. A peak in such marriages was recorded a little more than 3 months later, in September 2013. Over the same period (second half of 2013), 3,100 same-sex couples entered into a civil partnership (PACS). Thus, around 20,000 men and women officialized their same-sex union in the second half of 2013. Married same-sex couples are older, on average, than heterosexual couples : age 50 years for men and 43 for women, versus 37 for men and 34 for women in heterosexual marriages. The age gap between partners is also larger : 5.5 years for women and 8 years for men (Bellamy and Beaumel, 2014). This age gap is also observed for civil partnerships : in 2009-2010 it was 5 years for women and 7 years for men (Mazuy et al., 2011).

168,000 PACS registered in 2013, including 13% by notaries

34Since it came into effect on 15 November 1999, the PACS has been widely adopted throughout French society, with a peak in 2010, when 205,500 PACS were registered. The number of PACS fell to 152,000 in 2011, the year of the tax reform, but increased again in 2012 and 2013 (Table 7, Figure 6B). In 2013, 168,000 PACS were registered, representing more than 40% of officialized unions (PACS and marriages combined). The PACS has become widespread among heterosexual couples, who account for 96% of all PACS unions.

Table 7

Number of PACS since 2009*

Table 7
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013* PACS registered (total) 174,584 205,561 152,176 160,732 168,223 including in overseas départements 1,404 1,602 1,376 1,537 1,656 Number of PACS by partners’ sex Man-man 4,894 5,208 4,156 3,750 3,333 Woman-woman 3,542 3,938 3,338 3,223 2,724 Man-woman 166,148 196,416 144,682 153,759 162,166

Number of PACS since 2009*

* Provisional
Coverage : Whole of France, excluding Mayotte.
Source : Ministry of Justice (unions registered in magistrates’ courts and through notaries).

35In 2013, 13% of PACS were registered by a notary. According to a recent study by the Ministry of Justice, couples who register a PACS through a notary are older than those who do so directly at the magistrates’ court (Büsch and Timbart, 2014). These couples are perhaps more concerned to ensure mutual protection in case of the death of one of the partners than those who register a PACS at a magistrates’ court (the notary can also draw up a will for the couple [9]).

Divorces and PACS dissolutions

36Over the year 2013, 125,109 divorces were pronounced (Table 8), including 121,849 in metropolitan France (Appendix Table A.9). This is slightly fewer than in 2012, when 128,371 divorces were pronounced. More than half of divorces (direct divorces) are pronounced by mutual consent (53.5%). The total divorce rate reached 45 divorces per 100 marriages in 2012, a slight decrease with respect to 2011 (Appendix Table A.9).

Table 8

Number of divorces since 2010

Table 8
Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 Divorce by mutual consent (A) 72,433 75,542 69,431 66,640 Uncontested divorce (B) 32,603 30,712 31,212 31,199 Divorce by breakdown of conjugal life (C) 14,107 14,045 15,569 16,038 Fault-based divorce (D) 13,117 11,065 10,685 9,835 Direct divorce, non-specified (E) 468 642 750 740 Direct divorces (3) (A+B+C+D+E) (1) 132,728 132,006 127,647 124,452 Conversion of legal separation to divorce (2) 993 779 724 657 Legal separation (3) 1,559 1,316 1,283 1,347 Total divorces and conversions (1+2) 133,721 132,785 128,371 125,109 Total union dissolutions (1+2+3) 135,280 134,101 129,654 126,456

Number of divorces since 2010

Coverage : Whole of France.
Source : Ministry of Justice.

37From a longitudinal point of view, on the basis of probabilities by marriage duration, divorce has increased with successive cohorts. Between the 1970 and 2000 cohorts, the overall probability has doubled for a marriage duration of 10 years, and at almost all ages the overall probability has increased across successive cohorts (Figure 8).

Figure 8

Divorce by marriage duration and cohort

Figure 8

Divorce by marriage duration and cohort

Coverage : Metropolitan France.
Source : Ministry of Justice.

38The number of PACS dissolutions has been increasing, and surpassed 53,000 in 2013 (Table 9). In nearly four out of ten cases (38%), the PACS is dissolved because the couple gets married. When PACS are dissolved due to separation, it is almost exclusively by mutual agreement.

Table 9

PACS dissolutions since 2010*

Table 9
Year 2010 2011 2012 2013* Number of dissolutions 35,627 42,290 48,841 53,655 Reason for PACS dissolution Mutual consent 20,817 24,117 27,745 31,167 Requested by one partner 1,153 1,295 1,473 1,613 Marriage 13,263 16,450 19,142 20,415 Death 366 417 451 428 Other cases and not recorded 28 11 30 32

PACS dissolutions since 2010*

* Provisional.
Coverage : Whole of France.
Source : Ministry of Justice.

VI – Mortality

39The 572,000 deaths in the year 2013 correspond to a crude mortality rate of 8.7 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants (8.8 for metropolitan France) (Appendix Table A.1). Life expectancy at birth is provisionally estimated at 78.7 years for males and 85.0 years for females (both for the whole of France and for metropolitan France). These levels of life expectancy represent a gain of slightly more than two months for both sexes with respect to the previous year. Above all, this increase means that the small decrease in female life expectancy at birth between 2011 and 2012 was only a momentary variation due to the timing of the winter flu epidemic, and does not reflect a durable interruption in the trend of decreasing mortality. These figures also mean that the gender gap in mean length of life remained practically stable with respect to 2012, at 6.3 years (Figure 9).

Figure 9

Life expectancy at birth (both sexes combined) and difference between male and female life expectancies at birth, 1990-2013

Figure 9

Life expectancy at birth (both sexes combined) and difference between male and female life expectancies at birth, 1990-2013

Source : INSEE.

A renewed increase in life expectancy

40Recent changes are consistent with the trends observed over the last 20 years. Since 2003, men’s mean length of life has increased by 2.8 years and that of women by 2 years, an annual increase of 0.28 and 0.20 years, respectively (Appendix Table A.11). Improvements were slightly more rapid over the past decade than over the preceding one. Between 1993 and 2003, the mean increase was 0.26 years for males and 0.16 years for females. As men’s life expectancy has increased faster than women’s over these two decades, the sex difference in mean length of life, which reached a peak of 8.2 years at the beginning of the 1990s, has since been steadily decreasing.

41In 2012, although female life expectancy at birth in France (84.8 years) was below that of Switzerland and Spain (84.9 years and 85.5 years, respectively), France remained close to the top of the European ranking (Appendix Table A.12). For males, it was in a less favourable twelfth position (out of a total of 29 countries). Contrary to the situation two decades ago, excess male mortality in France, which at the time was among the highest in western Europe, is now in the lower middle of the distribution, with a difference of 6.3 years between the sexes. Mean sex differences in life expectancy are much higher in some other countries – as high as 10 to 11 years in Sweden, Switzerland, and Iceland. For infant mortality, France stands exactly in the middle of the ranking, at 3.5 per 1,000 in 2012 (Appendix Table A.13).

Rising life expectancy thanks to lower mortality above age 60

42The steady increase in mean length of life conceals unequal improvements over time by age and cause of death. Figure 10 shows, for both sexes, how age-specific probabilities of dying changed between the three-year life table of 1990-1992 and that of 2010-2012. The general trend is identical for males and females. The greatest improvements are seen for young people, with probabilities of dying halved up to the ages of 30-35 years. Improvements taper off gradually with increasing age, with a particularly small decrease around the ages of 50-55. There are nevertheless notable differences between the sexes. Male mortality decreased more than female mortality between the ages of 25 and 75, but a little less above age 75. The most marked difference between the sexes over this period was in the 45-50 age group, where, again, a larger mortality decrease was observed for men than for women. As we will see below, an examination of causes of death sheds light on these differences.

Figure 10

Ratios between the three-year life table of 2010-2012 and that of 1990-1992 for age-specific probabilities of dying (smoothed over 3 years of age), by sex

Figure 10

Ratios between the three-year life table of 2010-2012 and that of 1990-1992 for age-specific probabilities of dying (smoothed over 3 years of age), by sex

Source : INSEE, Situation démographique 2012, Table 68.

43Decreases in mortality at different ages have unequal effects on changes over time in life expectancy at birth. Child mortality has reached such low levels that any changes now have little effect on life expectancy at birth : between 1990-1992 and 2010-2012, a decrease of 6.7 deaths before age 15 per 1,000 newborns in 20 years only increased mean length of life by 0.5 years for males and by 0.4 years for females (Figure 11). In contrast, the decrease in mortality at ages 15-45 over the same period played an important role, for males at least, contributing 20% of the total gain in life expectancy at birth (one out of the total of 5.3 years of life expectancy gained between 1990-1992 and 2010-2012, versus only 0.4 out of 3.7 years, only slightly above 10%, for females). However, the greatest gains are due to improvements at ages 45-80 in men (+3 years) and beyond age 65 in women (+2.6 years).

Figure 11

Contributions by age group to gains in male and female life expectancy at birth between 1990-1992 and 2010-2012 (5.3 and 3.7 years in total)

Figure 11

Contributions by age group to gains in male and female life expectancy at birth between 1990-1992 and 2010-2012 (5.3 and 3.7 years in total)

Source : Authors’ calculations on the basis of INSEE’s three-year life tables by sex.

Massive decrease in women’s cardiovascular diseases

44Contributions by cause of death to improvements in life expectancy at birth over the period from 1989-1991 to 2009-2011 [10] vary greatly by age and sex (Table 10). Note, however, that while decreasing male mortality can be attributed to decreases in various pathologies (notably external causes in young adults, cancers around ages 45-75, and diseases of the circulatory system at age 60 and beyond), improvement in females is overwhelmingly due to decreases in cardiovascular diseases (both heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases) (Appendix Table A.14).

Table 10

Contribution of age groups and causes of death to gains in life expectancy at birth (in years) between 1989-1991 and 2009-2011, by sex

Table 10
Age group Cause of death Infectious diseases Cancers Cardiovascular diseases Respiratory diseases Digestive diseases Other diseases External causes All causes Males 0-14 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.31 0.13 0.51 15-24 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.29 0.34 25-44 0.18 0.13 0.09 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.32 0.80 45-64 0.04 0.59 0.39 0.06 0.11 -0.03 0.14 1.30 65-79 0.01 0.46 0.82 0.15 0.10 0.02 0.10 1.66 80 + 0.00 0.10 0.48 0.14 0.04 -0.04 0.05 0.77 Total gain 0.25 1.31 1.81 0.38 0.32 0.28 1.03 5.38 Females 0-14 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.23 0.09 0.38 15-24 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.09 0.12 25-44 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.14 0.31 45-64 0.00 0.11 0.14 0.01 0.08 -0.02 0.08 0.40 65-79 0.01 0.17 0.74 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.09 1.20 80 + 0.00 0.07 1.01 0.17 0.09 -0.09 0.12 1.37 Total gain 0.06 0.43 1.95 0.29 0.28 0.18 0.61 3.78

Contribution of age groups and causes of death to gains in life expectancy at birth (in years) between 1989-1991 and 2009-2011, by sex

Note : The method used to calculate the contribution of each age group and cause to gains in life expectancy at birth between two periods is the one proposed by Andreev, Shkolnikov and Begun (2002).
Source : Authors’ calculations on the basis of INSEE life tables by sex and INSERM data on deaths by cause (CépiDc).

Infant mortality : a growing contribution of diseases of early infancy

45Following a long-term trend, infant mortality from infectious diseases (above all respiratory diseases) continued to decrease steadily between 1990 and 2010 [11] (see also Meslé, 1995). Mortality due to external causes (mainly accidents, at this age) also decreased steadily up until 2008, but seems to have stabilized since, particularly for girls.

46The weight of sudden infant death syndrome in infant mortality statistics grew considerably from the mid-1970s and peaked in the late 1980s, before declining very sharply for a few years, and more slowly in subsequent years, thanks to campaigns advising parents not to lay infants on their stomachs (Barbieri, 1998). The mortality rate in the first year of life from this cause decreased from nearly 220 deaths per 100,000 births around 1990 to only 27 per 100,000 in 2010 for the two sexes combined – a spectacular drop of nearly 90% in twenty years.

47The decline in mortality due to diseases of early infancy, in contrast, was very limited over this period, with a relatively small drop in deaths due to congenital abnormalities and an absence of progress for other causes associated with the perinatal period. Consequently, the contribution of these two groups of causes has increased very rapidly over the last twenty years : while they accounted for 50% of infant mortality in 1990, they now represent more than 75%. If the recent stagnation of mortality from these diseases specific to early infancy persists, it may slow, or even stop, the long-standing trend of declining infant mortality.

Mortality at ages 15-24 : deaths from external causes predominate

48For males, deaths from external causes account for most deaths at these ages : in 2010, more than three quarters of the standardized mortality rate in this age range could be attributed to this cause (versus roughly half for women). Road accidents and suicide are the principal causes for both sexes (Appendix Table A.15). Mortality due to traffic accidents decreased between 1990 and 2010, and particularly after 1999, but trends in mortality by suicide and other external causes have been less favourable. Since 2005, mortality due to these causes seems to have stabilized, and suicide has even recently risen slightly among women.

49Change in mortality for the other major categories of causes has not been much more favourable, which explains this age group’s particularly small contribution to progress in life expectancy between 1990 and 2010 (0.34 years out of a total gain of 5.4 years in men, 0.12 years out of 3.8 years in women). Mortality from infectious diseases is a noteworthy exception : it fell sharply until 1998-2000 thanks to better control of the HIV-AIDS epidemic from the early 1990s.

Mortality at ages 25-44 : contrasting trends in the two sexes

50Certain characteristics of the preceding age group are also found among persons aged 25-44. In this age group, the pattern of deaths by infectious disease due to the evolution of HIV-AIDS mortality was just as remarkable as in the younger age group, with both a strong increase up until 1995 and a sharp drop after that year. Whereas at the peak of the epidemic infections were the third-leading cause of mortality after deaths from external causes and cancers, in 2010 they were the least frequent cause.

51As in younger people, mortality due to external causes, which was the leading cause of death before 1990, has been steadily declining ever since. The decrease since that time (and especially since 2000) has been very rapid for traffic accidents, with a 57% drop in the standardized rate for men and a 72% drop for women between 1990 and 2000. For other external causes in men, however, this downtrend was interrupted from 2003-2004 onward. External causes are still responsible for the majority of male deaths at these ages, representing 51% of the total standardized rate, versus 26% for women.

52In women of these ages, cancer was the leading cause of death in 2010 (Appendix Table A.15). Twenty years earlier, the standardized mortality rate for cancer was one third higher in men (40 per 100,000 versus 30 per 100,000 in women). Due to sustained decreases up until the second half of the 2000s in men, the standardized rate is currently very similar for both sexes, at around 22 per 100,000. This situation results in part from contrasting trends in lung cancer : men’s standardized mortality rate from this cause decreased by half in 20 years, whereas it increased in women until around 2005. It also results from rapid falls in cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract (lips, mouth, and pharynx) and the œsophagus thanks to lower alcohol consumption, which have primarily benefited men as the incidence of these pathologies has always been much lower in women. In contrast, breast cancer, the leading cancer in women in terms of mortality, has decreased very slowly.

Mortality at ages 45-64 : cancer strongly predominates

53More than at all other ages, cancers constitute the leading cause of mortality at ages 45-64 : in 2010, they represented, respectively, 47% and 56% of male and female standardized mortality rates in this age range, with highly marked contrasts between the sexes by site.

54The most lethal cancers in men (in order of frequency) are those of the lung ; the upper aerodigestive tract ; the intestine, the colon, and the rectum ; the oesophagus ; the blood-forming organs ; the stomach ; and the prostate. In women they are : the breast ; the lung ; the intestine, colon, and rectum ; the uterus ; the blood-forming organs ; and, to a lesser extent, the upper aerodigestive tract, the stomach, and the oesophagus (Figure 12). There is a very marked contrast between the sexes : for men, deaths from almost all types of cancer decreased over the observed period, while for women, apart from slight decreases in deaths from cancers of the breast and the blood-forming organs, they remained stable or increased. The increase in lung cancer was very pronounced in women, with a standardized rate that more than doubled between 1990 and 2010 ; this cancer seems to be on the verge of becoming the leading cause of cancer death at ages 45-64. These different trends in men and women are largely explained by differences in smoking behaviours (decreasing consumption among men since the 1970s, regular increases among women, particularly at ages 45-64). [12]

Figure 12

Standardized mortality rates at ages 45-64 for the most lethal cancers by sex, from 1989-1991 to 2009-2011 (three-calendar-year moving average)

Figure 12

Standardized mortality rates at ages 45-64 for the most lethal cancers by sex, from 1989-1991 to 2009-2011 (three-calendar-year moving average)

UADT : Upper aerodigestive tract
Sources : Standardized rates calculated by the authors on the basis of age-specific mortality rates from the INSEE life tables and deaths by cause provided by INSERM (CépiDc).

55Cardiovascular diseases are the second most frequent cause of death at these ages, far behind cancers, with a standardized rate that continues to decline, due to factors including changes in behaviour (notably smoking), decreases in infectious diseases which are risk factors for heart diseases, and medical advances, which have led to considerable improvements in the prevention and treatment of diseases of the circulatory system (Appendix Table A.15).

56Mortality from other causes has evolved less favourably, as the downtrend has halted for almost all categories since the early 2000s. However, as these causes account for a much smaller proportion of general mortality, this age group contributed positively to gains in life expectancy between 1990 and 2010, particularly for men (Table 10).

Mortality at ages 65-79 : a large drop due to a decline in cardiovascular diseases

57Mortality decreased considerably over the period in this age group, which accounts for nearly a third of the years of life gained between 1990 and 2010. These improvements are predominantly due to control of cardiovascular diseases (50% of total gain in men and 62% in women) and notably ischaemic heart diseases, thanks to improvements in prevention, treatment, and surgery, associated with decreasing tobacco consumption in men.

58Decreasing cancer mortality also played an important role in men : it was responsible for a quarter of years of life gained by men, versus only a sixth in women. Whereas the standardized rates for these two groups of causes of death were similar until the end of the 1980s, mortality from cardiovascular diseases has decreased by 50% in twenty years, versus 15% and 25% for male and female cancer mortality.

59The ranking of cancers by site in this age group is slightly different than in the preceding one. In men, lung cancer is the leading cause of death, but it is followed by cancers of the colon and rectum, the prostate, the blood-forming organs, and, at a much lower level, the œsophagus, the stomach, and the upper aerodigestive tract. The decreasing trend in mortality for all cancers in men beginning in 1990 seems to have been interrupted in recent years, with two exceptions : blood cancer (cancer of the blood-forming organs), mortality from which has stabilized since the early 1980s, and prostate cancer, which has continued to decrease, with a standardized rate in 2011 at half its 1990 level. For women, the ranking is very similar to the one for ages 45-64 : cancer of the breast, followed by the lung, the colon and rectum, the blood-forming organs, and, further behind, the stomach, the œsophagus, and the upper aerodigestive tract. Mortality from all cancers combined has levelled off since the early 2000s, except for lung cancer, which has been in constant increase due to the high prevalence of smoking in these generations, and stomach cancer, which continues to decrease.

Mortality at ages 80 and above : cardiovascular diseases predominate

60This age group is the only one in which cardiovascular diseases are still the leading cause of death. Decreasing cardiovascular mortality explains most of the decrease in the all-causes rate, accounting for 74% of female life expectancy gains at age 80 and above between 1990 and 2010, and 62% of male gains. This pattern explains the gradual convergence with cancer mortality, the second cause of death at this age, which has decreased very slowly in men and virtually stagnated in women due to increasing lung cancer mortality.

61Mortality from respiratory diseases has decreased considerably since the late 1990s, thanks to the spread of influenza vaccination, which has had a beneficial effect not only on influenza but also on asthma and other chronic respiratory illnesses. The standardized mortality rate from influenza has fallen from 50 to less than 5 per 100,000 in just 15 years. The mortality rate from asthma, which was only slightly below that of influenza in 1990, has also dropped markedly, decreasing fourfold in 20 years. Respiratory illnesses still ranked third among specific causes of mortality in 2010, however, as they did in 1990, but with a lower standardized rate than the residual category of “other diseases”.

62Mortality from senile dementias, which has progressively increased over the last 20 years, represents a growing proportion of these “other diseases”, accounting for 20% of male deaths and 27% of female deaths from “other diseases” in 1990, but 40% and 50%, respectively, in 2010. The corresponding mortality rate has increased from around 350 to 800 per 100,000 in men and from a little over 400 to 900 per 100,000 in women over the period. Alzheimer’s disease, which is responsible for 60% of deaths attributable to senile dementias, has been rapidly increasing since it was first included in the 9th edition of the International Classification of Diseases, published in 1980. It is difficult, however, to distinguish between the effects of diagnostic improvements – which result from changes in medical and certification practices – and the actual growth in this pathology among the elderly population.

Life expectancy in good health

63A new question now arises. Do the years of life gained in the last 20 years reflect further years in a state of disability or dependence, or a continuous increase in life expectancy in good health ? This is a question of particular importance in the contemporary context of population ageing. In recent years there has been a growing literature on the subject, and an ever wider range of data has been collected with a view to establishing more diverse indicators to capture the phenomenon of disability.

64The concept of disability-free life expectancy, without activity limitation or chronic morbidity, was developed in the 1980s (Robine et al., 1986). This indicator is calculated by combining mortality data from vital records and health data from general population surveys. In France, disability-free life expectancy at age 50 increased at the same rate as life expectancy in the 1990s, but more slowly in the following decades. The proportion of years of severe disability, and notably of dependence, has decreased for the cohorts born before the Second World War. There is less clear improvement for the subsequent cohorts, particularly women, for whom the years lived with certain types of severe disability appear to have increased (Cambois et al., 2012). However, it is difficult to determine whether this results from higher survival rates among persons with chronic diseases or disabilities, improved reporting of health problems in surveys, or increased disability in these cohorts in comparison to previous ones. The post-Second World War cohorts also have a higher prevalence of risk behaviours (such as smoking). In addition, the strain of working life may have been greater for women born during the baby-boom years, who have a dual workload in both the workplace and the home (Cambois and Robine, 2012).

Overview

65On 1 January 2014, the population of France totalled 66 million, of which 63.9 million in metropolitan France. Most of the increase in the metropolitan population (+270,000 in 2013) was due to sustained natural growth of +220,000, or 0.42% (although this has slightly slowed since 2006). This growth rate is one of the highest among the countries of the European Union, only half of which have positive natural growth. Net migration is estimated at +50,000 in 2013.

66The annual number of first residence permits (with a duration of at least one year) remained stable, with 180,000 permits granted in 2012. The majority of recipients were women. Half of these permits were granted for family reasons, and a quarter for educational reasons.

67Fertility decreased slightly. Around 780,000 births were registered in 2013, versus 790,000 in 2012. Fertility declined from 2.01 to 1.99 children per woman (1.99 to 1.97 in metropolitan France), and the crude birth rate fell from 12.4 to 12.2 births per 1,000 inhabitants, a decrease of 1.2% between 2012 and 2013. The rate of increase in mean age at childbearing (30.1 in 2013) has slowed ; the proportion of fertility at ages 35-39 continues to increase slightly, whereas fertility decreased strongly before age 25. French fertility remains among the highest in Europe. For the 1979 cohort, completed fertility is 2.05 children per woman, and mean age at childbearing is 30.1 years.

68Abortion figures remained stable in 2012, with little change in the number of induced abortions and the total abortion rate. However, the proportion of first abortions has decreased, whereas the frequency and mean number of repeat abortions has risen. These abortions (all orders combined) occur at a mean age of 27.6.

69The downtrend in marriage resumed in 2013 after a slight upturn in 2012, falling to a historical low (in absolute terms) of 231,000 marriages. Marriage was opened to same-sex couples by the law of 17 May 2013, and 7,000 same-sex marriages were celebrated in 2013. Civil partnerships (PACS) increased again, with 168,200 PACS concluded in 2013. Since 2011, notaries have been able to perform the registration procedures for PACS unions celebrated in their offices, and 13% of couples who entered a PACS in 2013 chose this option. More than 50,000 PACS were dissolved in 2013. In cases where this was due to union dissolution (60% of dissolved PACS) and not to the marriage of the partners, it was almost always by mutual consent. Divorces by mutual consent represent half of all divorce applications (out of the 125,000 divorces pronounced in 2013).

70A total of 572,000 deaths were registered in 2013, which brings the crude mortality rate to 0.87%. Life expectancy is 85 years for females and 78.7 years for males. This 6.3-year gender difference in life expectancy is slightly lower than in 2012 (6.35 years). It reached a maximum of 8.2 years in the early 1990s and has been progressively decreasing since. Improvements in mortality are unequally distributed by sex and age. Due to very low mortality rates below age 30, the greatest contributions to years of life gained since 1990 have come from decreases above age 45 in men and above age 65 in women. The gains are mainly due to control of cardiovascular diseases and, to a lesser extent, to decreasing male cancer mortality.

Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Elodie Baril and Arnaud Bringé from the INED Statistical Methods department for their help in preparing the databases.
Statistical appendix
Table A.1

Population change (in thousands) and crude rates (per 1,000)1,*

Table A.1
Year Mid-year population Live births Deaths Growth Crude rates (per 1,000) Natural increase Net migration Total Birth rate Death rate Growth Natural increase Total 1985 55,284 768 552 + 216 + 38 + 254 13.9 10.0 + 3.9 + 4.6 1990 56,709 762 526 + 236 + 80 + 316 13.4 9.3 + 4.1 + 5.6 1995 57,844 730 532 + 198 + 40 + 238 12.6 9.2 + 3.4 + 4.1 2000 59,062 775 531 + 244 + 70 + 314 13.1 9.0 + 4.1 + 5.3 2001 59,476 771 531 + 240 + 85 + 325 13.0 8.9 + 4.1 + 5.5 2002 59,894 762 535 + 226 + 95 + 321 12.7 8.9 + 3.8 + 5.4 2003 60,304 761 552 + 209 + 100 + 309 12.6 9.2 + 3.4 + 5.1 2004 60,734 768 509 + 259 + 105 + 364 12.6 8.4 + 4.2 + 6.0 2005 61,181 774 528 + 247 + 95 + 342 12.7 8.6 + 4.1 + 5.6 2006 61,597 797 516 + 280 + 115 + 395 12.9 8.4 + 4.6 + 6.4 2007 61,965 786 521 + 265 + 75 + 340 12.7 8.4 + 4.3 + 5.5 2008 62,300 796 532 + 264 + 67 + 331 12.8 8.6 + 4.2 + 5.3 2009 62,615 793 538 + 255 + 44 + 300 12.7 8.6 + 4.1 + 4.8 2010 62,918 802 540 + 262 + 43 + 305 12.8 8.6 + 4.2 + 4.8 2011 63,224 793 535 + 258 + 50 + 308 12.6 8.5 + 4.1 + 4.9 2012 63,519 790 559 + 231 + 50 + 281 12.4 8.8 + 3.6 + 4.9 2013* 63,794 780 561 + 219 + 50 + 269 12.2 8.8 + 3.4 + 4.2

Population change (in thousands) and crude rates (per 1,000)1,*

1 Population and rates revised after the 2011 census.
* Provisional.
Coverage : Metropolitan France.
Source : INSEE, Demographic Surveys and Studies Division, Bellamy and Beaumel (2014).
Table A.2

Age distribution of the population on 1 January (%)*

Table A.2
Age group 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012* 2013* 2014* 0-19 29.2 27.8 26.1 25.6 25.0 24.5 24.5 24.4 24.4 24.4 20-59 52.7 53.2 53.8 53.8 54.1 52.7 52.2 51.9 51.5 51.2 60+ 18.1 19.0 20.1 20.6 20.9 22.8 23.3 23.7 24.1 24.4 including : 65+ 12.8 13.9 15.0 16.0 16.5 16.8 16.9 17.3 17.7 18.2 75+ 6.3 6.8 6.1 7.2 8.1 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.2 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Age distribution of the population on 1 January (%)*

* Provisional.
Coverage : Metropolitan France.
Source : INSEE, Demographic Surveys and Studies Division, series revised after the 2011 census.
Table A.3

Number of first residence permits of at least one year granted to citizens of third countries (constant geographical area) by first year of validity

Table A.3
Year admitted for residence Total Of which minors 2000 137,027 16,239 2001 164,866 22,139 2002 187,353 24,169 2003 200,709 24,610 2004 201,531 29,139 2005 199,892 31,141 2006 195,042 27,227 2007 177,411 24,776 2008 184,329 20,569 2009 189,501 18,536 2010 184,534 17,988 2011 177,741 17,599 2012 180,077 17,509

Number of first residence permits of at least one year granted to citizens of third countries (constant geographical area) by first year of validity

Note : Countries that were European Union members on 30 June 2013 are excluded, along with the Vatican City State, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, the principalities of Andorra and Monaco, the Republic of San Marina and Switzerland.
Coverage : Permits granted in France and abroad to citizens of countries not listed in the note. Permits granted in the year n and registered in the database extraction performed in July of the year n+2, except for the year 2009, for which extraction was performed in July 2012.
Source : Authors’ calculations based on AGDREF data.
Table A.4

Fertility since 1970*

Table A.4
Year Sum of age-specific rates (per 100 women) Mean age at childbearing Non-marital fertility Ages 15-27 Ages 28 and over Total (TFR) All births First births(1) Sum of agespecific rates (per 100 women) Share in total fertility (%) 1970 143 104 247 27.2 23.9 16 6.4 1975 118 74 193 26.7 24.1 16 8.5 1980 116 78 194 26.8 24.5 22 11.4 1985 99 82 181 27.5 25.2 36 19.6 1990 84 94 178 28.3 26.0 53 30.1 1995 69 102 171 29.0 26.8 65 37.9 2000 69 119 187 29.4 27.4 81 43.2 2001 69 119 188 29.4 83 44.3 2002 67 119 186 29.5 84 44.7 2003 66 121 187 29.5 86 45.6 2004 67 123 190 29.6 27.6 89 46.8 2005 66 126 192 29.7 27.7 92 47.9 2006 67 131 198 29.8 27.8 98 49.7 2007 65 131 196 29.8 27.9 100 50.9 2008 66 133 199 29.9 27.9 103 51.6 2009 66 134 199 29.9 28.0 104 52.9 2010 66 136 202 30.0 28.1 109 54.2 2011 64 136 200 30.1 110 55.2 2012* 63 136 199 30.1 112 56.0 2013* 61 136 197 30.2 na na

Fertility since 1970*

na : not available.
* Provisional.
Coverage : Metropolitan France.
Sources : INSEE, Surveys and Demographic Studies Division. Series revised after the 2011 census except : (1) 1970-1995 : Laurent Toulemon, from EHF (Study of Family History) 1999 ; 2000 : estimate based on vital records ; 2004-2010 : Davie and Niel (2012) Table 3.
Table A.5

Cohort fertility : cumulative fertility up to selected ages, estimated completed fertility (mean number of children per 100 women), and mean age at childbearing (in years and tenths of years)*

Table A.5
Birth cohort Cumulative fertility per 100 women (age in completed years) Projection at constant rate* 24 29 34 39 Completed fertility Mean age at child-bearing 1930 90 177 231 256 263 27.5 1935 89 181 233 254 258 27.1 1940 96 181 225 238 241 26.4 1945 99 174 206 219 222 26.0 1950 89 154 192 207 211 26.5 1955 77 148 190 209 213 27.0 1960 66 139 184 206 212 27.7 1961 63 135 181 203 209 27.9 1962 60 131 179 202 208 28.1 1963 56 127 176 200 207 28.3 1964 53 122 173 198 205 28.5 1965 49 118 170 196 204 28.7 1966 46 114 168 195 202 28.9 1967 44 111 167 194 202 29.1 1968 42 109 166 193 201 29.2 1969 39 105 163 192 200 29.4 1970 37 103 162 192 200 29.5 1971 35 100 160 191 199 29.7 1972 33 98 159 191 199 29.8 1973 32 97 159 191 200 29.9 1974 31 96 160 192 200 30.0 1975 30 96 161 201 30.0 1976 30 95 160 201 30.0 1977 31 96 161 203 30.1 1978 31 95 162 203 30.1 1979 31 96 163 205 30.1 1980 31 95 1981 32 96 1982 32 96 1983 31 95 1984 32 95 1985 31 1986 31 1987 31 1988 30 1989 30

Cohort fertility : cumulative fertility up to selected ages, estimated completed fertility (mean number of children per 100 women), and mean age at childbearing (in years and tenths of years)*

* For the 1930-62 cohorts, observed completed fertility and mean age at childbearing ; for later cohorts, unobserved rates are assumed equal to rates observed at the same age in 2011.
Coverage : Metropolitan France.
Source : Calculations and estimates based on data from INSEE, Demographic Surveys and Studies Division.
Table A.6

Total fertility rates in Europe (children per woman)

Table A.6
Year 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 Austria 1.65 1.47 1.46 1.42 1.36 1.40 1.44 1.43 1.44 Belgium 1.68 1.51 1.62 1.56 1.67 1.76 1.86 1.81 1.79 Bulgaria 2.05 1.97 1.82 1.23 1.26 1.32 1.57 1.51 1.50 Croatia - - - - - 1.50 1.55 1.48 1.51 Cyprus - 2.43 2.40 2.03 1.64 1.47 1.44 1.35 1.39 Czech Republic 2.08 1.95 1.90 1.28 1.14 1.29 1.51 1.43 1.45 Denmark 1.55 1.45 1.67 1.80 1.78 1.80 1.87 1.75 1.73 Estonia 2.01 2.13 2.05 1.38 1.35 1.52 1.72 1.61 1.56 Finland 1.63 1.65 1.78 1.81 1.73 1.80 1.87 1.83 1.80 France - - - - 1.89 1.94 2.03 2.01 2.01 France (metro.) 1.95 1.81 1.78 1.71 1.87 1.92 2.01 2.00 1.99 Germany 1.56 1.37 1.45 1.25 1.38 1.34 1.39 1.36 1.38 Greece 2.23 1.67 1.40 1.31 1.26 1.33 1.51 1.39 1.34 Hungary 1.91 1.85 1.87 1.57 1.32 1.31 1.25 1.26 1.34 Ireland - - 2.11 1.84 1.89 1.86 2.05 2.03 2.01 Italy 1.64 1.42 1.33 1.19 1.26 1.34 1.45 1.44 1.43 Latvia - - - - 1.25 1.38 1.36 1.33 1.44 Lithuania 1.99 2.08 2.03 1.55 1.39 1.29 1.50 1.55 1.59 Luxembourg 1.50 1.38 1.60 1.70 1.76 1.63 1.63 1.52 1.57 Malta 1.99 1.95 2.04 1.80 1.70 1.38 1.36 1.45 1.43 Netherlands 1.60 1.51 1.62 1.53 1.72 1.71 1.79 1.76 1.72 Poland - - 2.06 1.62 1.35 1.24 1.38 1.30 1.30 Portugal 2.25 1.72 1.56 1.41 1.55 1.41 1.39 1.35 1.28 Romania 2.43 2.31 1.83 1.33 1.31 1.39 1.54 1.46 1.52 Slovakia 2.32 2.25 2.09 1.52 1.30 1.26 1.43 1.45 1.34 Slovenia - 1.71 1.46 1.29 1.26 1.26 1.57 1.56 1.58 Spain 2.20 1.64 1.36 1.17 1.23 1.33 1.37 1.34 1.32 Sweden 1.68 1.74 2.13 1.73 1.54 1.77 1.98 1.90 1.90 United Kingdom 1.90 1.79 1.83 1.71 1.64 1.76 1.92 1.91 1.92 Iceland 2.48 1.93 2.30 2.08 2.08 2.05 2.20 2.02 2.04 Norway 1.72 1.68 1.93 1.87 1.85 1.84 1.95 1.88 1.85 Switzerland 1.55 1.52 1.58 1.48 1.50 1.42 1.52 1.52 1.52

Total fertility rates in Europe (children per woman)

Source : Eurostat (site accessed in June 2014).
Table A.7

Cohort fertility in Europe(1),(2)

Table A.7
Cohort Completed fertility (per woman) Mean age at childbearing (years) Last available 1954 year - 1955 1959 - 1960 1964 - 1965 1969 - 1970 1974 - 1975(1) 1954 - 1955 1959 - 1960 1964 - 1965 1969 - 1970 1974 - 1975(1) Austria 1.77 1.71 1.66 1.61 1.63-1.64 25.8 26.5 27.3 28.2 28.8-28.9 2010 Belgium 1.83 1.87 1.84 1.84 1.83-1.87 26.7 27.4 28.3 29.2 29.6-29.8 2009 Bulgaria 2.04 1.96 1.84 1.66 1.56 24.0 23.7 23.6 24.3 26.0 2010 Czech Rep. 2.08 2.03 1.95 1.87 1.77-1.78 24.5 24.5 24.9 25.7 27.7-27.9 2010 Denmark 1.84 1.88 1.93 1.98 1.96-1.98 27.2 28.4 29.2 29.7 30.2-30.3 2010 Estonia 1.91 1.83-1.86 26.4 27.7-27.9 2010 Finland 1.88 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.89-1.90 27.9 28.6 29.2 29.6 30.0-30.1 2010 France (metro.) 2.13 2.12 2.04 1.99 2.01-2.04 27.0 27.6 28.6 29.5 29.9-30.1 2010 Germany 1.66 1.66 1.56 1.50 1.54-1.56 26.4 27.1 28.1 29.0 29.5-29.6 2010 Greece 2.02 1.97 1.79 1.64 1.55-1.58 25.9 26.0 27.0 28.7 29.9-30.0 2010 Hungary 1.96 2.02 1.98 1.88 1.70-1.71 24.9 25.0 25.5 26.4 27.7-27.8 2010 Ireland 2.21 2.12 2.06-2.12 30.2 31.0 31.3-31.6 2010 Italy 1.80 1.69 1.55 1.47 1.42-1.45 27.1 27.9 29.3 30.6 31.2-31.4 2010 Latvia(2) - - - - - - - - - - Lithuania 1.97 1.92 1.72 1.77 1.72-1.73 26.3 26.0 26.1 26.0 26.8 2010 Luxembourg 1.67 1.75 1.83 1.85 1.80-1.82 27.6 28.6 29.2 29.7 29.9-30.0 2010 Netherlands 1.88 1.86 1.79 1.77 1.78-1.80 28.1 29.2 30.0 30.6 30.7-30.8 2010 Poland 1.85 1.61-1.62 26.1 27-3-27.4 2010 Portugal 2.03 1.90 1.83 1.69 1.57-1.58 26.2 26.4 27.4 28.3 29.0-29.1 2010 Romania 2.33 2.16 1.94 1.63 1.55 25.0 24.5 24.2 25.2 26.2-26.3 2010 Slovakia 2.23 2.17 2.05 1.92 1.73 25.2 25.0 25.0 25.4 26.8 2010 Slovenia 1.79 1.71 1.66-1.67 25.9 27.3 28.9-29.0 2010 Spain 1.93 1.80 1.65 1.50 1.37-1.41 27.2 27.8 29.2 30.6 31.6-31.8 2010 Sweden 2.02 2.05 2.03 1.98 1.96-1.99 27.9 28.6 28.9 29.6 30.6-30.7 2010 United Kingdom 2.01 1.97 1.92 1.88 1.90-1.93 27.1 27.8 28.4 28.9 29.4-29.5 2010 Iceland 2.55 2.46 2.39 2.32 2.26-2.27 26.6 27.4 28.0 28.4 29.3-29.4 2010 Norway 2.05 2.09 2.07 2.05 2.00-2.01 27.0 28.0 28.6 29.1 29.7-29.8 2010 Switzerland 1.75 1.78 1.69 1.65 1.63-1.65 28.0 28.7 29.5 30.2 30.7-30.8 2010

Cohort fertility in Europe(1),(2)

(1) Two estimates are proposed. One is based on rates that remain unchanged with respect to the last observation year, the other on a continuation of the trend at each age over the last 15 observed years.
(2) The series of published rates (2002-2010) cannot be used to calculate and estimate completed fertility.
Sources : Calculations and estimations based on age-specific fertility rates published on the Eurostat website (site accessed 18 July 2013).
Table A.8

Number of induced abortions and annual indices since 1976*,(1),(2),(3),(4)

Table A.8
Year Abortions reported in notifications(1) Abortions recorded in SAE(2) Abortions estimated by INED(3) Abortions per 100 live births(4) Annual abortions per 1000 women aged 15-49(4) Mean number of abortions per woman(4) 1976 134,173 246,000 34.1 19.6 0.66 1981 180,695 245,000 30.4 18.7 0.62 1986 166,797 221,000 28.4 16.1 0.53 1990 170,423 209,000 27.4 14.8 0.49 1991 172,152 206,000 27.1 14.4 0.48 1992 167,777 206,000 27.7 14.3 0.48 1993 166,921 206,000 28.9 14.3 0.49 1994 163,180 207,000 29.1 14.3 0.49 1995 156,181 179,648 207,000 28.4 14.2 0.50 1996 162,792 187,114 207,000 28.2 14.2 0.50 1997 163,985 188,796 207,000 28.5 14.2 0.50 1998 195,960 207,000 28.0 14.2 0.51 1999 196,885 206,000 27.7 14.2 0.51 2000 192,174 206,000 26.6 14.2 0.51 2001 202,180 206,000 26.7 14.3 0.51 2002 137,497 206,596 27.1 14.3 0.51 2003 203,300 26.7 14.0 0.50 2004 210,664 27.4 14.5 0.52 2005 166,985 206,311 26.6 14.2 0.51 2006 174,561 215,390 27.0 14.9 0.53 2007 185,498 213,382 27.1 14.7 0.53 2008 180,108 209,245 26.3 14.5 0.52 2009 171,152 209,987 26.5 14.6 0.53 2010 172,505 213,317* 26.4 14.8 0.53 2011 170,081 209,291* 26.4* 14.7* 0.53* 2012 na 207,120* 26.2* 14.5* 0.53*

Number of induced abortions and annual indices since 1976*,(1),(2),(3),(4)

* Provisional.
na : Not available.
(1) Statistics from notifications including elective and therapeutic abortions.
(2) Administrative statistics based on recorded medical procedures. Data from 2010 includes data from the CNAM-TS and takes account of abortions covered by specific health insurance funds (MSA and RSI). Source : DREES and CNAM-TS from 2010.
(3) INED estimate (elective abortions). From 2002, the hospital statistics are considered exhaustive. Source : Rossier and Pirus (2007).
(4) Based on INED statistics up to 2001, and on hospital statistics from 2002.
Coverage : Metropolitan France.
Table A.9

Characteristics of nuptiality and divorce since 1985*,(1),(2),(3)

Table A.9
Year Number of marriages Total first marriage rate Number of divorces(3) Total divorce rate per 100 marriages Number of PACS unions Number of PACS dissolutions Overall rate(1) Overall probability(2) Men Women Men Women 1985 269,419 0.53 0.54 0.69 0.73 107,505 30.5 1986 265,678 0.52 0.53 0.68 0.71 108,380 31.1 1987 265,177 0.51 0.52 0.67 0.70 106,526 31.0 1988 271,124 0.52 0.53 0.67 0.71 108,026 31.3 1989 279,900 0.54 0.55 0.68 0.71 107,357 31.5 1990 287,099 0.55 0.56 0.68 0.71 107,599 32.1 1991 280,175 0.54 0.55 0.67 0.70 106,418 33.2 1992 271,427 0.52 0.53 0.65 0.68 107,994 33.5 1993 255,190 0.49 0.50 0.62 0.65 110,757 34.8 1994 253,746 0.48 0.49 0.61 0.64 115,785 36.7 1995 254,651 0.48 0.50 0.61 0.63 119,189 38.2 1996 280,072 0.53 0.55 0.65 0.67 117,382 38.0 1997 283,984 0.54 0.56 0.65 0.67 116,158 38.0 1998 271,361 0.52 0.54 0.62 0.65 116,349 38.4 1999 286,191 0.56 0.58 0.64 0.67 116,813 38.9 6,139 7 2000 297,922 0.58 0.60 0.66 0.68 114,005 38.2 22,108 620 2001 288,255 0.57 0.59 0.64 0.66 112,631 38.0 19,410 1,859 2002 279,087 0.55 0.57 0.63 0.65 115,861 39.2 24,979 3,143 2003 275,963 0.55 0.56 0.62 0.64 125,175 42.5 31,161 5,229 2004 271,598 0.53 0.55 0.61 0.63 131,335 44.8 39,576 6,935 2005 276,303 0.54 0.55 0.61 0.63 152,020 52.3 59,837 8,564 2006 267,260 0.52 0.53 0.59 0.61 135,910 46.9 76,680 9,470 2007 267,194 0.51 0.52 0.58 0.60 131,316 45.5 101,039 22,555 2008 258,749 0.50 0.51 0.57 0.58 129,379 45.1 144,756 23,466 2009 245,151 0.47 0.48 0.54 0.56 127,578 44.7 173,180 26,769 2010 245,334 0.47 0.48 0.54 0.56 130,621 46.2 203,959 35,322 2011 231,100 0.45 0.45 0.52 0.55 129,602 46.2 150,800 41,917 2012 239,840 0.47 0.47 0.54 0.56 125,217 45.0 159,195 48,389 2013* 225,000 na na na na 121,849 na 166,567 53,167

Characteristics of nuptiality and divorce since 1985*,(1),(2),(3)

* Provisional.
na : not available.
(1) Ratio of number of first marriages to number of persons of same age, summed to age 49.
(2) Ratio of number of first marriages to (estimated) number of never-married persons at the same age, summed to age 49.
(3) Direct divorces and separations converted into divorces.
Coverage : Metropolitan France.
Sources : INSEE, Division of Demographic Surveys and Studies ; French Ministry of Justice.
Table A.10

Characteristics of nuptiality by birth cohort*

Men

Table A.10
Male birth cohort Proportion ever-married at age 49* Mean age at first marriage* (years) Proportion ever-married At age 24 At age 30 1943 0.88 24.5 0.55 0.81 1948 0.87 24.5 0.56 0.80 1953 0.85 25.0 0.52 0.75 1958 0.79 26.4 0.39 0.64 1963 0.72 28.2 0.23 0.52 1965 0.70 28.9 0.19 0.47 1967 0.68 29.4 0.16 0.44 1969 0.66 29.9 0.12 0.41 1971 0.64 30.4 0.09 0.39 1973 0.63 30.6 0.08 0.37 1975 0.06 0.34 1977 0.06 0.32 1979 0.06 0.29 1981 0.05 1983 0.05 1985 0.04

Men

Women

Table A.10
Female birth cohort Proportion ever-married at age 49* Mean age at first marriage* (years) Proportion ever-married At age 22 At age 28 1945 0.92 22.3 0.59 0.86 1950 0.90 22.6 0.57 0.83 1955 0.87 22.9 0.53 0.77 1960 0.82 24.3 0.42 0.67 1965 0.75 26.3 0.24 0.54 1967 0.73 26.9 0.19 0.50 1969 0.70 27.5 0.15 0.46 1971 0.68 28.1 0.12 0.43 1973 0.67 28.6 0.09 0.40 1975 0.65 28.9 0.07 0.38 1977 0.07 0.36 1979 0.06 0.33 1981 0.06 0.30 1983 0.05 1985 0.05 1987 0.04

Women

Characteristics of nuptiality by birth cohort*

* Unobserved marriage probabilities are assumed to be stable at the average level observed in 2010. Coverage : Metropolitan France.
Source : Calculations and estimates based on INSEE data.
Table A.11

Characteristics of overall mortality since 1985*,(1),(2)

Table A.11
Year Life expectancy (years) Mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) Survivors at age 60 (per 1,000 at birth) At birth At age 60 Infant(1) Neonatal(2) Male Female Male Female Male Female 1985 71.3 79.4 17.9 23.0 8.3 4.6 803 913 1986 71.5 79.7 18.1 23.2 8.0 4.3 807 915 1987 72.0 80.3 18.4 23.7 7.8 4.1 814 918 1988 72.3 80.5 18.7 23.9 7.8 4.1 816 919 1989 72.5 80.6 18.8 24.0 7.5 3.8 818 920 1990 72.7 81.0 19.0 24.2 7.3 3.6 822 923 1991 72.9 81.2 19.2 24.4 7.3 3.5 824 923 1992 73.2 81.5 19.4 24.6 6.8 3.3 827 925 1993 73.3 81.5 19.4 24.6 6.5 3.1 828 924 1994 73.7 81.9 19.7 25.0 5.9 3.2 832 926 1995 73.9 81.9 19.7 24.9 4.9 2.9 836 928 1996 74.1 82.1 19.7 25.0 4.8 3.0 841 929 1997 74.6 82.3 19.9 25.2 4.7 3.0 847 931 1998 74.8 82.4 20.0 25.3 4.6 2.9 850 931 1999 75.0 82.5 20.2 25.3 4.3 2.7 852 932 2000 75.3 82.8 20.4 25.6 4.4 2.8 855 933 2001 75.5 82.9 20.6 25.7 4.5 2.9 855 933 2002 75.8 83.1 20.8 25.8 4.1 2.7 857 934 2003 75.9 83.0 20.8 25.6 4.0 2.6 859 935 2004 76.7 83.9 21.5 26.5 3.9 2.6 868 937 2005 76.8 83.9 21.4 26.8 3.6 2.3 868 939 2006 77.2 84.2 21.8 26.7 3.6 2.3 871 939 2007 77.4 84.4 21.9 26.9 3.6 2.4 874 941 2008 77.6 84.4 22.0 26.9 3.6 2.4 877 940 2009 77.8 84.5 22.2 27.0 3.7 2.4 876 940 2010 78.0 84.7 22.4 27.1 3.5 2.3 879 942 2011* 78.4 85.0 22.7 27.4 3.3 2.2 883 943 2012* 78.5 84.9 22.6 27.2 3.3 2.3 886 944 2013* 78.7 85.0 22.7 27.3 3.5 na na na

Characteristics of overall mortality since 1985*,(1),(2)

* Provisional.
na : not available.
(1) Deaths under one year per 1,000 live births.
(2) Deaths before 28 days per 1,000 live births.
Coverage : Metropolitan France.
Source : INSEE, Demographic Surveys and Studies Division.
Table A.12

Life expectancy at birth in Europe in 2012*

Table A.12
Country Life expectancy at birth (years) Male Female Difference (F – M) Austria 78.4 83.6 5.2 Belgium 77.8 83.1 5.3 Bulgaria 70.9 77.9 7.0 Croatia 73.9 80.6 6.7 Czech Republic 75.1 81.2 6.1 Denmark 78.1 82.1 4.0 Estonia 71.4 81.5 10.1 Finland 77.7 83.7 6.0 France excl. Mayotte* 78.5 84.8 6.3 Germany 78.6 83.3 4.7 Greece 78.0 83.4 5.4 Hungary 71.6 78.7 7.1 Iceland 81.6 84.3 2.7 Ireland 78.7 83.2 4.5 Italy 79.8 84.8 5.0 Latvia 68.9 78.9 10.0 Lithuania 68.4 79.6 11.2 Luxembourg 79.1 83.8 4.7 Netherlands 79.3 83.0 3.7 Norway 79.5 83.5 4.0 Poland 72.7 81.1 8.4 Portugal 77.3 83.6 6.3 Romania 71.0 78.1 7.1 Slovakia 72.5 79.9 7.4 Slovenia 77.1 83.3 6.2 Spain 79.5 85.5 6.0 Sweden 79.9 83.6 3.7 Switzerland 80.6 84.9 4.3 United Kingdom 79.1 82.8 3.7

Life expectancy at birth in Europe in 2012*

* Provisional data.
Table A.13

Infant mortality in Europe 1980-2012 (rate per 1,000 live births)*,(1)

Table A.13
Country 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012* Austria 14.3 11.2 7.8 5.4 4.8 4.2 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.2 Belgium 12.1 9.8 8.0 6.0 4.8 3.7 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.8 Bulgaria 20.2 15.4 14.8 13.3 13.3 10.4 9.7 9.2 8.6 9.0 9.4 8.5 7.8 Croatia nd nd nd nd 7.4 5.7 5.2 5.6 4.5 5.3 4.4 4.7 3.6 Denmark 8.4 7.9 7.5 5.1 5.3 4.4 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.4 Estonia 17.1 14.1 12.3 14.9 8.4 5.4 4.4 5.0 5.0 3.6 3.3 2.5 3.6 Finland 7.6 6.3 5.6 3.9 3.8 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.4 2.4 France exclu. Mayotte (1)* na na na 5.0 4.5 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.5 Metropolitain France (1)* 10.0 8.3 7.3 4.9 4.4 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.3 Germany 12.4 9.1 7.0 5.3 4.4 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.3 Greece 17.9 14.1 9.7 8.1 5.9 3.8 3.7 3.5 2.7 3.1 3.8 3.4 2.9 Hungary 23.2 20.4 14.8 10.7 9.2 6.2 5.7 5.9 5.6 5.1 5.3 4.9 4.9 Iceland 7.7 5.7 5.9 6.1 3.0 2.3 1.4 2.0 2.5 1.8 2.2 0.9 1.1 Ireland 11.1 8.8 8.2 6.4 6.2 4.0 3.6 3.1 3.8 3.3 3.8 3.5 3.5 Italy 14.6 10.5 8.2 6.2 4.5 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.2 2.9 Latvia 15.3 13.0 13.7 18.8 10.4 7.8 7.6 8.7 6.7 7.8 5.7 6.6 6.3 Lithuania 14.5 14.2 10.2 12.5 8.6 6.8 6.8 5.9 4.9 4.9 4.3 4.2 3.9 Luxembourg 11.5 9.0 7.3 5.5 5.1 2.6 2.5 1.8 1.8 2.5 3.4 4.3 2.5 Norway 8.1 8.5 6.9 4.0 3.8 3.1 3.2 3.1 2.7 3.1 2.8 2.4 2.5 Netherlands 8.6 8.0 7.1 5.5 5.1 4.9 4.4 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.7 Poland 25.4 22.1 19.4 13.6 8.1 6.4 6.0 6.0 5.6 5.6 5.0 4.7 4.6 Portugal 24.2 17.8 11.0 7.5 5.5 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.6 2.5 3.1 3.4 Czech Republic 16.9 12.5 10.8 7.7 4.1 3.4 3.3 3.1 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.6 Romania 29.3 25.6 26.9 21.2 18.6 15.0 13.9 12.0 11.0 10.1 9.8 9.4 9.0 United Kingdom 13.9 11.1 7.9 6.2 5.6 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.1 Slovakia 20.9 16.3 12.0 11.0 8.6 7.2 6.6 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.7 4.9 5.8 Slovenia 15.3 13.0 8.4 5.5 4.9 4.1 3.4 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.9 1.6 Spain 12.3 8.9 7.6 5.5 4.4 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 Sweden 6.9 6.8 6.0 4.1 3.4 2.4 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.1 2.6 Switzerland 9.0 6.7 6.7 5.0 5.3 4.2 4.4 3.9 4.0 4.3 3.8 3.8 3.6 United Kingdom 13.9 11.1 7.9 6.2 5.6 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.1

Infant mortality in Europe 1980-2012 (rate per 1,000 live births)*,(1)

* Provisional.
na : not available.
(1) INSEE for the whole of France excluding Mayotte between 1995 and 2012 and for metropolitan France in 2010 and 2012.
Table A.14

Standardized death rates (per 100,000) by sex and groups of causes of death(1)

Males

Table A.14
Cause of death 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 23 groups of causes Lung cancer 63 67 70 70 66 65 64 63 63 64 63 62 60 60 58 58 Stomach cancer 20 17 14 12 10 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 Cancer of the intestine 31 29 29 28 25 25 25 24 24 24 23 22 22 22 22 21 Prostate cancer 28 30 32 29 26 26 26 26 24 23 22 22 21 20 20 19 Other cancers 176 180 171 160 152 151 149 146 140 139 136 134 131 129 125 121 Ischaemic heart diseases 117 118 96 85 76 72 70 68 64 62 58 56 54 51 48 46 Other heart diseases 130 115 93 90 81 79 78 78 72 71 69 69 68 66 64 59 Cerebro-vascular diseases 123 103 71 59 47 45 44 43 38 37 35 34 33 31 30 29 Other diseases of the circulatory system 38 35 29 26 21 21 20 19 17 16 16 15 15 13 13 11 Tuberculosis (all forms) 5 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AIDS 0 0 8 13 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 Influenza 2 2 3 1 2 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other infectious and parasitic diseases 11 12 10 11 12 11 12 12 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 Other diseases of the respiratory system 83 79 71 69 53 50 50 52 44 47 42 42 42 42 39 39 Alcoholism and cirrhosis of the liver 56 46 35 29 28 28 27 27 25 24 24 23 23 22 22 21 Diabetes 11 11 9 9 15 15 14 15 14 14 13 13 13 13 12 12 Other mental disorders and diseases of the nervous system 28 28 31 30 40 42 41 45 39 42 41 41 42 42 42 41 Other diseases of the digestive system 41 35 29 25 20 20 20 21 19 19 19 18 18 18 18 16 Other diseases 56 50 40 37 36 36 35 37 33 32 32 31 32 31 31 27 Transport accidents 30 26 26 20 19 19 18 15 13 13 12 12 11 11 10 9 Suicides 29 34 30 29 26 25 25 26 25 25 24 23 23 24 23 23 Other external causes 63 54 51 44 36 35 34 36 32 31 31 31 31 31 31 30 Unspecified or ill-defined causes of death 74 70 56 48 46 49 49 51 44 45 43 44 46 47 55 53 6 broad groups of causes Cancer 318 324 317 300 280 275 272 267 260 258 251 247 241 239 232 226 Cardiovascular diseases 409 371 288 260 225 217 211 208 190 187 177 173 169 161 156 145 Infectious and parasitic diseases, diseases of the respiratory system 101 97 95 95 72 65 66 69 58 62 56 56 56 55 52 53 Other diseases 193 169 143 131 138 140 138 144 130 132 129 126 128 126 124 118 External causes 123 114 106 93 81 79 78 77 70 69 67 66 66 66 64 63 Unspecified or ill-defined causes of death 74 70 56 48 46 49 49 51 44 45 43 44 46 47 55 53 All causes 1,217 1,145 1,005 928 842 826 814 815 751 753 723 713 705 694 684 657

Males

Females

Table A.14
Cause of death 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 23 groups of causes Lung cancer 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 16 Stomach cancer 9 7 6 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Cancer of the intestine 19 18 17 16 15 14 14 14 14 14 13 13 13 13 12 12 Breast cancer 27 28 29 29 27 26 26 26 26 25 25 24 24 24 23 23 Cancer of the uterus 11 10 8 7 6 7 6 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Other cancers 76 74 70 69 67 67 67 65 63 63 62 60 61 60 59 57 Ischaemic heart diseases 51 51 42 35 30 29 28 27 24 23 22 21 20 19 17 16 Other heart diseases 93 81 64 61 54 53 53 53 47 47 45 45 45 44 42 39 Cerebro-vascular diseases 88 74 52 41 33 32 31 31 27 26 25 23 23 23 22 21 Other diseases of the circulatory system 19 17 14 12 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 5 Tuberculosis (all forms) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 AIDS 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Influenza 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other infectious and parasitic diseases 7 7 6 7 8 7 7 8 6 7 6 6 7 7 7 7 Other diseases of the respiratory system 33 33 31 30 24 21 22 23 19 21 18 19 19 19 17 18 Alcoholism and cirrhosis of the liver 19 15 12 10 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 7 Diabetes 10 9 8 7 10 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 8 8 7 7 Other mental disorders and diseases of the nervous system 22 22 24 24 32 33 34 37 31 33 33 33 34 34 33 34 Other diseases of the digestive system 27 23 18 16 13 13 13 13 12 12 11 11 11 11 11 10 Other diseases 38 34 29 28 27 27 27 29 25 24 24 23 24 23 23 20 Transport accidents 10 9 9 7 6 6 6 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 Suicides 11 12 10 10 8 8 9 8 9 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 Other external causes 36 31 27 23 19 19 19 20 17 16 16 16 16 15 15 15 Unspecified or ill-defined causes of death 48 44 35 31 28 29 30 32 26 27 26 26 27 27 31 30 6 broad groups of causes Cancer 147 143 138 135 129 128 128 127 125 124 123 121 123 121 119 118 Cardiovascular diseases 250 223 172 148 126 123 119 119 106 104 98 95 95 91 86 81 Infectious and parasitic diseases, diseases of the respiratory system 43 43 42 41 34 30 31 33 27 30 26 26 27 27 25 26 Other diseases 116 103 91 85 91 92 93 98 85 85 84 83 84 83 81 77 External causes 57 53 46 40 34 34 33 33 29 28 27 26 26 26 25 24 Unspecified or ill-defined causes of death 48 44 35 31 28 29 30 32 26 27 26 26 27 27 31 30 All causes 662 609 525 480 442 436 434 442 398 399 384 377 381 375 367 356

Females

Source : F. Meslé from CépiDc-INSERM data.

Standardized death rates (per 100,000) by sex and groups of causes of death(1)

(1) Standardized rate calculated from mortality rates by five-year age group (in completed years) and from standard European population (according to the structure proposed by the WHO). Thanks to a new analysis of INSERM data, the age groups now have the same definition for all years. The contents of the cause-of-death groups are defined in Table A.16 (item numbers refer to ICD-9 for 1980 to 1999 and ICD-10 from 2000).
Coverage : Metropolitan France.
Table A.15

Standardized mortality rates (per 100,000) by sex, age group and cause-of-death group(a) in 2009-2011

Males

Table A.15
Cause of death Ages 0-14 Ages 15-24 Ages 25-44 Ages 45-64 Ages 65-79 Ages 80+ All ages 23 groups of causes Lung cancer 0 0 4 103 273 361 59 Stomach cancer 0 0 1 9 34 87 7 Cancer of the intestine 0 0 1 22 106 315 22 Prostate cancer 0 0 0 7 83 526 20 Other cancers 3 5 14 169 560 1,345 125 Ischaemic heart diseases 0 0 5 45 180 977 48 Other heart diseases 1 1 5 37 186 1,747 63 Cerebro-vascular diseases 0 0 2 18 110 751 30 Other diseases of the circulatory system 0 0 1 10 49 263 13 Tuberculosis (all forms) 0 0 0 0 2 17 1 AIDS 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 Influenza 0 0 0 1 1 4 0 Other infectious and parasitic diseases 1 0 1 10 38 237 11 Other diseases of the respiratory system 0 1 2 20 138 1,086 40 Alcoholism and cirrhosis of the liver 0 0 7 52 62 45 22 Diabetes 0 0 1 10 53 239 12 Other mental disorders and diseases of the nervous system 2 3 7 22 121 1,101 41 Other diseases of the digestive system 0 0 2 15 60 366 17 Other diseases 22 2 3 15 72 674 30 Transport accidents 1 20 13 9 9 17 10 Suicides 0 10 27 37 36 84 23 Other external causes 3 9 16 31 72 502 31 Unspecified or ill-defined causes of death 6 7 19 57 131 889 51 6 broad groups of causes Cancer 3 5 21 309 1,056 2,633 232 Cardiovascular diseases 1 2 13 110 525 3,739 154 Infectious and parasitic diseases, diseases of the respiratory system 1 1 5 33 181 1,345 53 Other diseases 24 5 21 115 368 2,425 122 External causes 5 39 56 77 118 603 64 Unspecified or ill-defined causes of death 6 7 19 57 131 889 51 All causes 40 59 135 702 2,378 11,634 677

Males

Females

Table A.15
Cause of death Ages 0-14 Ages 15-24 Ages 25-44 Ages 45-64 Ages 65-79 Ages 80+ All ages 23 groupes de causes Lung cancer 0 0 3 33 59 85 16 Stomach cancer 0 0 1 3 11 38 3 Cancer of the intestine 0 0 1 13 54 195 12 Breast cancer 0 0 7 40 86 179 23 Cancer of the uterus 0 0 2 9 25 50 6 Other cancers 2 3 10 70 255 738 59 Ischaemic heart diseases 0 0 1 8 53 530 18 Other heart diseases 1 1 2 14 101 1,404 41 Cerebro-vascular diseases 0 0 2 10 66 645 22 Other diseases of the circulatory system 0 0 0 3 14 155 5 Tuberculosis (all forms) 0 0 0 0 1 10 0 AIDS 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Influenza 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 Other infectious and parasitic diseases 1 0 1 4 23 163 7 Other diseases of the respiratory system 0 0 1 8 51 545 18 Alcoholism and cirrhosis of the liver 0 0 2 16 20 15 7 Diabetes 0 0 0 4 29 176 7 Other mental disorders and diseases of the nervous system 2 2 3 14 85 1,062 34 Other diseases of the digestive system 0 0 1 7 34 283 11 Other diseases 19 2 3 10 51 489 22 Transport accidents 1 4 2 3 4 6 3 Suicides 0 3 7 14 12 14 7 Other external causes 2 2 4 12 37 356 15 Unspecified or ill-defined causes of death 4 2 6 20 64 764 29 6 broad groups of causes Cancer 3 3 23 169 491 1,285 119 Cardiovascular diseases 1 1 5 34 235 2,734 86 Infectious and parasitic diseases, diseases of the respiratory system 1 1 3 14 76 722 26 Other diseases 21 4 10 50 218 2,024 81 External causes 3 10 13 28 53 376 25 Unspecified or ill-defined causes of death 4 2 6 20 64 764 29 All causes 33 21 60 316 1,138 7,906 366

Females

Source : F. Meslé from CépiDc-INSERM data.

Standardized mortality rates (per 100,000) by sex, age group and cause-of-death group(a) in 2009-2011

(a) Standardized rate calculated from mortality rates by five-year age group (in completed years) and from standard European population (according to the structure proposed by the WHO). Thanks to a new analysis of INSERM data, the age groups now have the same definition for all years. The contents of the cause-of-death groups are defined in Table A.16 (item numbers refer to ICD-9 for 1980 to 1999 and ICD-10 from 2000).
Coverage : Metropolitan France.
Table A.16

Cause-of-death categories and the corresponding codes in the International Classification of Diseases (ninth and tenth revisions)

Table A.16
ICD 9 ICD 10 Cancer 140 to 239 C00 to D48 Lung cancer 162 C33 to C34 Stomach cancer 151 C16 Cancer of the intestine 152 to 154 C18 to C21 Breast cancer 174, 175 C50 Cancer of the uterus 179 to 180 ; 182 C53 to C55 Prostate cancer 185 C61 Other cancers 140 to 150 ; 155 to 161 ; 163 to 173 ; 181 ; C00 to C15 ; C17 ; C22 to C32 ; C37 to C49 ; 183 to 184 ; 186 to 239 C51 ; C52 ; C56 to C60 ; C62 to D48 Cardiovascular diseases 390 to 459 I00 to I99 Ischaemic heart diseases 410 to 414 I20 to I25 Other heart diseases 390 to 405 ; 415 to 429 I00 to I15 ; I26 to I51 Cerebro-vascular diseases 430 to 438 I60 to I69 Other diseases of the circulatory system 440 to 459 I70 to I99 Infectious and parasitic diseases, diseases of the respiratory system 000 to 139 ; 460 to 519 A00 to B99 ; J00 to J98 Tuberculosis (all forms) 010 to 018 A15 to A19 ; B90 AIDS 042 to 044 B20 to B24 Influenza 487 J10 to J11 Other infectious and parasitic diseases of ICD Chapter I 001 to 009 ; 020 to 041 ; 045 to 139 A00 to A09 ; A20 to B19 ; B25 to B89 ; B91 to B99 Other diseases of the respiratory system 460 to 586 ; 490 to 519 J00 to J06 ; J12 to J98 Other diseases 240 to 389 ; 520 to 779 D50 to D89 ; E00 to H95 ; K00 to Q99 Alcoholism and cirrhosis of the liver 291 ; 303 ; 305.0 ; 571.0 to.3 ;.5 F10 ; K70 ; K73 to K74 Diabetes 250 E10 to E14 Other mental disorders and diseases of the nervous system 290 ; 292 to 302 ; 304 ; 305.1 to 389 F00 to F09 ; F11 to H95 Other diseases of the digestive system 520 to 570 ; 571.4 ; 571.6 to 579 K00 to K67 ; K71 ; K72 ; K75 to K93 Other diseases 240 to 246 ; 251 to 289 ; 580 to 779 D50 to D89 ; E00 to E07 ; E15 to E89 ; L00 to Q99 External causes 800 to 999 V01 to Y89 Transport accidents 810 to 819 ; 826 to 829 V01 to V99 Suicides 950 to 959 X60 to X84 Other deaths from external causes 800 to 807 ; 820 to 825 ; 830 to 949 ; 960 to 999 W00 to X59 ; X85 to Y89 Unspecified or ill-defined causes of death 780 to 799 R00 to R99 All causes 001 to 999 A00 to R99 ; V01 to Y89

Cause-of-death categories and the corresponding codes in the International Classification of Diseases (ninth and tenth revisions)

Notes

  • [*]
    Institut national d’études démographiques.
  • []
    Paris School of Economics, Université Paris 1.
    Correspondence : Magali Mazuy, Institut national d’études démographiques, 133 Boulevard Davout, 75980 Paris Cedex 20, tel. : +33 (0)1 56 06 22 51, email : mazuy@ined.fr
  • [1]
    These are provisional data published by INSEE (Bellamy and Beaumel, 2014). Net migration has been estimated at +50,000. The figure has been adjusted slightly downward since 2010.
  • [2]
    Appendix Tables A.1 to A.16 are given at the end of the article. They are updated annually with the latest available data. The table numbers do not always correspond to the order in which they are cited in the text.
  • [3]
    Croatia joined the European Union on 1 July 2013. It has a population of 4,246,700. The estimated population of the European Union on 1 January 2014 was 507.4 million.
  • [4]
    Born abroad to non-French parents.
  • [5]
    Countries whose nationals no longer require a residence permit : member countries of the European Union on 30 June 2014, as well as Vatican City State, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, the principalities of Andorra and Monaco, the Republic of San Marina and Switzerland.
  • [6]
    Appendix Table A.7 has not been updated with data from very recent years because Eurostat no longer publishes series of age-specific rates that would allow us to calculate longitudinal indicators. The disparities between countries may have increased in certain cases.
  • [7]
    From 2010, the data include induced abortions covered by specific health insurance funds for the self-employed and farmers, the Régime social des indépendants (RSI) and the Mutuelle sociale agricole (MSA). A total of 1,531 procedures were recorded in metropolitan France (Vilain and Mouquet, 2014).
  • [8]
    Mean age based on age-specific rates, calculated for all induced abortions, applying the age distribution drawn from the PMSI (supplied by DREES). The database drawn from the 2012 abortion notifications is in preparation and is not available at the time of writing, so has not been used.
  • [9]
    Partners who register a PACS are exempt from inheritance taxes, but the surviving partner does not inherit the deceased partner’s property unless a will is drawn up.
  • [10]
    The most recent three-year life table is the one produced by INSEE for the years 2010-2012. However, as statistics on death by cause are not yet available for 2012, the analysis of mortality by cause can only be carried up to the year 2011.
  • [11]
    For the sake of simplicity we will refer to 1990 and 2010 when describing results from the threeyear life tables for 1989-1991 and 2009-2011.
  • [12]
    According to INPES analyses (http://www.inpes.sante.fr/10000/themes/tabac/consommation/profils-fumeurs.asp, site consulted on 4 September 2014).
English

On 1 January 2014, the population of France was 66 million (of which 63.9 million in metropolitan France), an increase of 0.42% with respect to the previous year. In 2012, 180,000 residence permits were issued to immigrants from countries outside the European Economic Area, a majority of these to women. Half of the permits were issued for family reasons, and a quarter for education. Fertility decreased slightly, to 1.99 children per woman. As the proportion of women of reproductive age in the population also fell and the total population increased, this fertility decline was associated with a decrease in the birth rate in 2013. After a slight increase in 2012, the number of marriages fell once again : according to provisional data, 231,000 marriages were registered in 2013. Marriage was opened to same-sex couples on 17 May 2013, and 7,000 same-sex marriages were registered between May and December 2013. A total of 168,000 PACS (civil unions) were registered in 2013. The number of deaths in 2013 is provisionally estimated at 572,000, and in metropolitan France the number surpassed 560,000. Women’s life expectancy was 85.0 years and that of men was 78.7 years, a gap of 6.3 years, down slightly with respect to 2012.

Keywords

  • France
  • demographic situation
  • ageing
  • migration
  • fertility
  • marriage
  • mortality
  • causes of death
Français

L’évolution démographique récente en France : la diminution du nombre de mariages se poursuit

Au premier janvier 2014, la France comptait 66 millions d’habitants (dont 63,9 millions en France métro p olitaine), soit un accroissement annuel de 4,2 ‰. En 2012, 180 000 titres de séjour ont été délivrés à des personnes immigrantes venant de pays tiers. Une majorité de titres concernaient des femmes. Les motifs des titres délivrés relèvent pour moitié de raisons familiales et pour un quart des études. La fécondité diminue légèrement, passant à 1,99 enfant par femme. Cette baisse, conjuguée à la diminution de la part des femmes en âge de procréer au sein de la population et à l’augmentation de la population totale, implique que le taux de natalité est également en baisse en 2013. Après une légère remontée en 2012, le nombre de mariages diminue à nouveau : d’après les données provisoires, on a enregistré 231 000 mariages en 2013. Le mariage a été ouvert aux couples de même sexe le 17 mai 2013 et 7 000 mariages ont été enregistrés entre mai et décembre 2013. Le nombre de pacs enregistrés en 2013 est de 168 000. Le nombre de décès en 2013 est provisoirement estimé à 572 000, et en France métropolitaine, il dépasse le seuil de 560 000. L’espérance de vie des femmes est de 85 ans et celle des hommes de 78,7 ans, soit un écart de 6,3 ans en légère diminution par rapport à l’année 2012.

Español

La evolución demográfica reciente en Francia : la diminución del número de matrimonios continua

El primero de enero de 2014, Francia contaba con 66 millones de habitantes (de los cuales 63,9 millones en Francia metropolitana), o sea un crecimiento anual de 4,2 p. 1 000. En 2012, 180 000 permisos de residencia han sido otorgados a personas inmigrantes en proveniencia del exterior de la Unión Europea. Una mayoría de permisos concernían mujeres ; la mitad de los títulos correspondían a motivos familiares y un cuarto a estudios. La fecundidad disminuye ligeramente en 2013 y pasa a 1,99 hijos por mujer. Esta baja, conyugada con la disminución del número de mujeres en edad de procrear y el aumento de la población total, ha conducido igualmente a una baja de la tasa de natalidad. Después de un ligero aumento en 2012, el número de matrimonios disminuye de nuevo : según los datos provisionales de 2013, se han registrado 231 000 matrimonios. Los matrimonios de parejas del mismo sexo, autorizados desde el 17 de mayo de 2013, suman un total de 7 000 matrimonios entre esa fecha y el 31 de diciembre del mismo año. El número de Pacs (Pacto civil de solidaridad) en 2013 ha alcanzado 168 000. Según los datos provisionales, el número de muertes en 2013 es de 572 000, sobrepasando 560 000 en Francia metropolitana. La esperanza de vida de las mujeres es de 85 años y la de los hombres de 78,7 años, es decir una diferencia de 6,3 años, ligeramente más baja que en 2012.

  1. I - General trends and population age structure
    1. A narrowing gap between birth and death rates
    2. The rate of natural increase remains one of the highest in the European Union
    3. Ageing of the French population is set to accelerate
  2. II - Statistics on immigration from third countries, based on long-term residence permits
    1. A third of permits are long-term visas equivalent to residence permits
    2. A majority of women and of adults below age 35
    3. Half of permits are granted for family reasons, a quarter for educational reasons
  3. III - Births, birth rates and women’s fertility
    1. A downward tendency since 2010
    2. Moderate continuation of the trend towards later childbearing
    3. Fertility remains high
  4. IV - Induced abortion
    1. Stable rates and concentration of demand at ages 20-24
    2. Fewer women seek induced abortions, but repeat abortions are more frequent
  5. V - Marriages, civil partnerships (PACS), and divorces
    1. A renewed downtrend in marriages
    2. The number of first marriages continues to decrease
    3. 7,000 same-sex marriages in 2013
    4. 168,000 PACS registered in 2013, including 13% by notaries
    5. Divorces and PACS dissolutions
  6. VI - Mortality
    1. A renewed increase in life expectancy
    2. Rising life expectancy thanks to lower mortality above age 60
    3. Massive decrease in women’s cardiovascular diseases
    4. Infant mortality : a growing contribution of diseases of early infancy
    5. Mortality at ages 15-24 : deaths from external causes predominate
    6. Mortality at ages 25-44 : contrasting trends in the two sexes
    7. Mortality at ages 45-64 : cancer strongly predominates
    8. Mortality at ages 65-79 : a large drop due to a decline in cardiovascular diseases
    9. Mortality at ages 80 and above : cardiovascular diseases predominate
    10. Life expectancy in good health
  7. Overview

References

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  • OnlineAndreev E. M., Shkolnikov V. M., Begun A. Z., 2002, “Algorithm for decomposition of differences between aggregate demographic measures and its application to life expectancies, Gini coefficients, health expectancies, parity progression ratios and total fertility rates”, MPIDR Working Paper WP 2002-035.
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  • Collet M., Herbet J.-B., Vilain A., 2012, “Méthodologie de l’enquête sur les femmes ayant eu recours à une interruption volontaire de grossesse en 2007”, DREES, Document de Travail, 30, 107 p.
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  • OnlineMazuy M., Toulemon L., Baril E., 2014, “A steady number of induced abortions, but fewer women concerned”, Population, English Edition, 69(3), pp. 323-356.
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  • OnlineRault W., 2009, L’invention du Pacs. Pratiques et symboliques d’une nouvelle forme d’union, Presses de Sciences Po, 276 p.
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  • OnlineRobine J.-M., Colvez A., Bucquet D., Hatton F., Morel B., Lelaidier S., 1986, “L’espérance de vie sans incapacité en France en 1982”, Population, 41(6), pp. 1025-1042.
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  • OnlineVilain A., Collet M., Moisy M., 2011, “L’enquête nationale de la Drees sur les femmes ayant eu recours à une IVG en 2007”, Dossier thématique “L’interruption volontaire de grossesse”, Revue française des affaires sociales, 1, pp. 69-86.
Magali Mazuy [*]
  • [*]
    Institut national d’études démographiques.
Magali Barbieri [*]
  • [*]
    Institut national d’études démographiques.
Hippolyte D’Albis [*][?]
  • [*]
    Institut national d’études démographiques.
  • []
    Paris School of Economics, Université Paris 1.
    Correspondence : Magali Mazuy, Institut national d’études démographiques, 133 Boulevard Davout, 75980 Paris Cedex 20, tel. : +33 (0)1 56 06 22 51, email : mazuy@ined.fr
Translated by
Paul Reeve
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