Against the attacks of positivistic approaches, Eric Voegelin defends a new political science. The evolution of Western society depends on the opposition of two types of political representation: the Mediterranean tradition (the tension between the Greek and the Christian world order) and Gnosticism (from the middle ages up to the current debates on the end of History). The issues concerning the uncertainty of technical progress also echo Voeglin’s theses, be it in its apocalyptic or innovating version. In the realm of political theology, Schmitt can counter Voeglins ideas on modernity as a “redivinisation”, poles apart from the Weberian tradition.