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The aim of the project research ICSEM ( “International Comparative Social Enterprise Models”), implemented between 2013 and 2019, was to identify and to compare the social enterprise models around the world. Based on an original analytical framework, four main social enterprise models have been identified and then confirmed by a database ICSEM built up through a survey conducted in 43 countries. Thus, the existence of three of the four models – namely the social cooperative model, the model “entrepreneurial association” and the model “social business” appears to be strongly supported by the empirical analysis in almost all surveyed countries. Furthermore, significant characteristics emerge in Western, Central and Eastern Europe.

Jacques Defourny
Marthe Nyssens
This is the latest publication of the author on cairn.
This is the latest publication of the author on cairn.
Uploaded on Cairn-int.info on 30/11/-0001
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