The links between health and work are definitely a major public policy issue, notably, in terms of retirement, public health, and employment. Economic analyses have focused on measuring both the impact of health on employment and the effect of working conditions on health. Poor health clearly appears to impede professional activity and may cause earlier retirement. In addition to public health measures designed to improve the overall health of the population, these studies raise questions about the specific role of work environment in preserving employees’ health. Nevertheless, the evaluation of occupational and safety health measures is hindered by under-reporting and under-recognition of occupational injuries and illnesses. Overcoming these obstacles remains a challenge for economic analyses.