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Digital transformation represents significant challenges for organizations (Arntz et al., 2016; Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2014; Zardet & Savall, 2019), yet its human dimension is often underestimated (Burke & Cooper, 2006). In this paper, we focus on a digital change phenomenon that is relatively simple, the digital transformation of retail shopping, and more precisely the introduction of self-checkout and self-scanning tools. We adopt a socio-affective approach to change, applying the conceptual framework of mourning (Bareil & Savoie, 1999) and the notion of losses associated with change (Giroux, 1998; Métraux, 2004) in order to understand the reactions of organizational members associated with digital transformation. This type of approach is not traditionally used to analyze cases of technological changes but rather used in cases of companies’ closure or downsizing experience (Bell & Taylor, 2011; Dubouloy & Fabre, 2002). Research on digital change usually tends to focus on the benefits of digital transformation (Vial, 2019), whereas organizational change inherently involves a double process of destruction and reconstruction (Giroux, 1998). In the context of a digital transformation project, we show that organizational members perceive a profound transformation of a set of social meanings that go beyond a mere profound transformation of their work routines. This transformation can be attributed to identity losses or to losses of shared representations (Métraux, 2004)…

English

This research examines digital change under the conceptual lens of mourning and loss, in order to understand the reactions of organizational members. It consists of a double case study of two leading Swiss retailers that have implemented self-service technologies with a body of 8 interviews with managers, 12 interviews with cashiers and 75 interviews with customers. By mobilizing the conceptual framework of mourning, this research identifies different categories of losses perceived by the three groups of actors: while managers mainly conceive digital change from the perspective of productivity gains, employees and customers express symbolic losses likely to trigger mourning processes. That is, losses of professional identity and of professional landmarks, losses of relationships and of quality of interaction, as well as losses of meaning related to the transformation of ‘modernized’ and ‘rationalized’ Swiss distribution cooperatives and to the quality of the bond involved in commercial exchange. This perspective offers a better understanding of what digital change means for different categories of actors. By integrating clients as “partial employees”, we identify the specific challenges of this category of actors in digital change. On the basis of our analysis, we can recommend a more systematic integration of external organizational actors – such as customers – in sensemaking processes associated with digital change.

  • digitalization
  • change
  • retail
  • mourning
  • loss
Français

Pertes et deuil des acteurs de la digitalisation : le cas de l’automatisation des caisses dans la grande distribution suisse

Cette étude mobilise le cadre conceptuel du deuil et des pertes pour comprendre les réactions des acteurs organisationnels dans un contexte de changement digital. La recherche empirique se base sur une double étude de cas auprès des deux leaders du marché de la grande distri- bution suisse ayant mis en œuvre des systèmes d’encaissement automatique (technologies en libre-service), avec un corpus de 8 entretiens avec des managers, 12 entretiens avec des cais- sières et 75 entretiens avec des clients. L’étude permet d’identifier différents types de pertes perçues par les trois groupes d’acteurs concernés par la digitalisation. Alors que les managers vont surtout concevoir le changement numérique avec une perspective de gains de producti- vité, les employé.e.s et les client.e.s expriment des pertes symboliques susceptibles de déclen- cher des processus de deuil : des pertes d’identité et de repères professionnels, des pertes de relation et de qualité d’interaction, ainsi que des pertes de sens liées au changement d’image ‘modernisée’ et ‘rationnalisée’ des coopératives de la distribution suisse et de la qualité de lien associée à l’échange commercial. Cette perspective permet une meilleure compréhension de ce que signifie le changement numérique pour différentes catégories d’acteurs. En intégrant les clients à titre d’«bemployés partiels », nous identifions les enjeux spécifiques de cette catégorie d’acteurs dans le changement digital. Sur la base de notre analyse, nous pouvons recommander d’intégrer plus systématiquement des parties prenantes comme les clients dans les processus de sensemaking du changement digital.

  • digitalisation
  • changement
  • distribution
  • deuil
  • pertes
Bertrand Audrin
Bertrand AUDRIN holds a PhD in management from the University of Fribourg (HRO Chair, Faculty of Management, Economics and Social Sciences). His research focuses on HR transformation and digital change management.
Eric Davoine
Eric DAVOINE is a full professor at the University of Fribourg (HRO Chair, Faculty of Management, Economics and Social Sciences). He is a member of the board of the AGRH since 2003. His recent research focuses on HR practices in multinational companies, Swiss specificities in HR practices and internationalization of top management careers. He is a member of editorial and reviewer boards of several journals such as Revue GRH, Management International and Career Development International. He is a regular reviewer for several Swiss and European institutions.
Jean-Claude Métraux
Jean-Claude MÉTRAUX is a doctor of medicine and holds a habilitation in psychiatry. He is a child and adolescent psychiatrist and a lecturer at the University of Lausanne. He has conducted research on the topic of mourning for many years and is the author of two books, «Deuils collectifs et création sociale» (2004) and «La migration comme métaphore» (2011).
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