CAIRN-INT.INFO : International Edition

CHATTERBOT was developed in 1989 for the “TinyMUD” computer game, and has become one of the best-known NLP (Natural Language Processing) programs (Mauldin, 1994). Its contracted form, “chatbot” is defined as “a software program that interacts with users using natural language” (Ciechanowski et al., 2019, p. 540). Many companies across a wide range of sectors (health, education, entertainment, telecommunications, banks, e-commerce, etc.) use text-based chatbots. When used in the fields of communication or relationship marketing, they contribute to the digitisation of the relationship between a company and its clients.
These conversational artefacts raise questions about conception and perception. Our research looks at how users perceive chatbots. It draws on concepts from cyberpsychology and captology. Cyberpsychology (Tisseron & Tordo, 2021) is concerned with the relationship that humans have with machines and tries to determine how the use of technology may affect the mind. Captology, or “persuasive technology” aims to create the interactive conditions between machines and humans that will enable attitudes and behaviours to be shaped. These two disciplines can be associated in the study of relationships between humans and chatbots. Cyberpsychology provides insight into the CASA (Computers Are Social Actors) paradigm, which states that machines are social actors in their own right (Nass et al., 1994), whereas captology extends to the CAPSA (Computers As Persuasive Social Actors) paradigm, which states that the machine is a tool, a medium, and a persuasive actor at the same time (Fogg, 2002)…

English

In this article, we look at the projective, psychological factors that determine interaction between humans and chatbots (or conversational agents). Our study lies at the intersection of cyberpsychology (the psychological phenomena emerging from human interaction with digital technology) and captology (persuasive technologies). These two disciplines take complementary approaches to chatbots. Whilst one looks at how use of these tools can affect the human mind, the other identifies the interactive conditions which can influence human attitudes and behaviours. Thus we ask which projective mechanisms can be leveraged to make captology more effective. A large quantitative survey (n=1019) was carried out using a selection of four types of chatbot. The majority of respondents projected content of an anthropomorphic nature onto their selected chatbot. Anthropomorphism makes an attachment to the machine possible, facilitating the mechanisms of persuasion and behavioural influence. Yet a majority of respondents did not identify the chatbot in their anthropomorphic projections, leading us to make an original psychoanalytic interpretation, which allows us to put the persuasive power of captology into perspective and, paradoxically, make ethics the vehicle for enhanced performance. Finally, we make recommendations to help conversational marketing and captology professionals improve the perception and acceptability of chatbots.

  • chatbot
  • persuasive technologies
  • cyberpsychology
  • anthropomorphism
  • projective identification
Français

L’anthropomorphisme, enjeu de performance pour les chatbots

Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons aux déterminants psychiques, d’ordre projectif, qui sont à l’œuvre dans l’interaction entre l’humain et les agents conversationnels dits chatbots. Nous nous situons à l’intersection de la psychologie appliquée aux rapports des humains aux machines (cyberpsychologie) et des technologies persuasives (captologie). Ces deux disciplines présentent des approches complémentaires des chatbots. Il s’agit, pour l’une, de déterminer en quoi les usages de ces artefacts peuvent affecter l’esprit humain et, pour l’autre, d’identifier les conditions interactives permettant d’influencer les attitudes et les comportements des humains. Ainsi nous nous demandons sur quels mécanismes projectifs la captologie peut s’appuyer pour être plus performante. Une enquête quantitative d’envergure (n=1019) est effectuée à partir d’une sélection de quatre types de chatbot. Une majorité de répondants projettent des contenus de nature anthropomorphe dans le chatbot qu’ils ont choisi. Cet anthropomorphisme rend possible un attachement à la machine facilitant les mécanismes de persuasion et d’influence comportementale. Mais une majorité de répondants n’identifient pas le chatbot aux projections anthropomorphes dont il fait l’objet et nous en faisons une interprétation psychanalytique originale. Celle-ci permet de relativiser le pouvoir de persuasion affiché de la captologie et, paradoxalement, de faire de l’éthique le vecteur d’une performance accrue. Des recommandations aident les professionnels du marketing conversationnel et de la captologie à améliorer la perception et l’acceptabilité des chatbots.

  • chatbot
  • technologies persuasives
  • cyberpsychologie
  • anthropomorphisme
  • identification projective
Thierry Curiale
Thierry CURIALE has many years’ experience in management, strategic marketing and digital services design, and is currently a researcher with Xperience Design Lab in the Orange Group Orange, studying a PhD at CNAM (Conservatoire national des arts et métiers [French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts]) and an associate member of IERHR (Institut d’Étude des Relations Humain-Robots [Institute for Research into Human-Robot Relationships]). His research focuses on emotional attachment to machines and the ethical questions that it may pose.
François Acquatella
François ACQUATELLA is a Lecturer in the Digital Economy at the IAE-Limoges (University School of Management). He teaches Information Systems and Digital Entrepreneurship. In collaboration with institutional partners and international researchers, he studies the organisational and digital transformation of companies. His recent research looks at new forms of platform design, highlighting the meaningful role of artificial intelligence technologies.
Laetitia Gros
Laetitia GROS is a Researcher at Orange Labs in Lannion. After graduating with a Diplôme d’Études Approfondies degree in ATIAM (Acoustique, Traitement du Signal, Informatique Appliqués à la Musique [Acoustics, Signal Processing and Musical Applications of IT]) from IRCAM (Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique [Research Institute for Music and Sound), she obtained a PhD in Acoustics from the University of Aix-Marseille, with a dissertation entitled “Subjective Assessment of Time-Varying Speech Quality”, as well as a Diplôme Universitaire in Audiology from the University of Bordeaux. Her research work focuses on methodologies for assessing the perceived audiovisual quality of telecommunications services and technologies (telephone/videophone, audio/video conference, 3D sound, etc.) and more generally, methodologies for assessing the quality of the user experience, which more recently takes emotions into account.
Mathilde Cosquer
Mathilde COSQUER is a Doctor in Cognitive and Ergonomic Psychology and a Researcher at the Orange Labs in Lannion. She is currently researching interpersonal communication services. She is the co-author of “Méthode agile centrée utilisateurs” (User Centered Agile Method), 2013, Lavoisier.
Serge Tisseron
Serge TISSERON is a Psychiatrist and Doctor of Psychology HDR (Accreditation to Supervise Research), Co-Head of the Faculty of Cyberpsychology (University of Paris), Co-Founder and President of IERHR (Institut d’Étude des Relations Humain-Robots [Institute for Research into Human-Robot Relationships]), Scientific Board Member of CRPMS (Centre de recherches psychanalyse, médecine et société [Research Centre for Psychoanalysis, Medicine and Society]) (University of Paris, ED 450), member of the Académie des technologies (French Technology Academy) and member of the French National Digital Advisory Board. In 1975, he delivered his medical thesis in the form of a comic strip, discovering Hergé’s family secret just by reading the Tintin albums. He has published over forty essays including the topics of family secrets and relationships with images, which have been translated into twelve languages. He is currently working on how digital technologies are transforming us. Most recent works: Le Jour où mon robot m’aimera, Vers l’empathie artificielle (Albin Michel); Petit traité de cyberpsychologie (Le Pommier); L’Emprise insidieuse des machines parlantes, plus jamais seuls (Ed. LLL). His website: http://www.sergetisseron.com
This is the latest publication of the author on cairn.
This is the latest publication of the author on cairn.
This is the latest publication of the author on cairn.
This is the latest publication of the author on cairn.
Latest publication on cairn or another partner portal
You still have to read 97% of this article
Purchase full-text 5,00€ 23 pages, electronic only
(html and pdf)
add_shopping_cart Add to cart
Other option
Member of a subscribed institution ? business Authenticate
Uploaded on Cairn-int.info on 23/05/2022
Cite
Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour ESKA © ESKA. Tous droits réservés pour tous pays. Il est interdit, sauf accord préalable et écrit de l’éditeur, de reproduire (notamment par photocopie) partiellement ou totalement le présent article, de le stocker dans une banque de données ou de le communiquer au public sous quelque forme et de quelque manière que ce soit.
keyboard_arrow_up
Chargement
Loading... Please wait