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Neoliberalism on the one hand and globalisation on the other have for decades fostered an effect of levelling down of individual and cultural differences (Dardot & Laval, 2010); as well as a standardisation of the human-consumer. The erasure of identity and cultural traits that are necessary to fit into a globalised society, and the resulting loss of subjectivity, expose individuals to the fear of “undifferentiation”, and compels them to resort to archaic defence mechanisms in order to preserve their integrity.
In the theoretical frameworks of both Freud and Lacan however, difference plays a fundamental role. For the former, it guarantees the cohesion of human groups (Freud, 1930); for the latter, it ensures a structuring function for the subject, based on the dialectic between alienation and separation (Lacan, 1998). As a primary need, the weakened identity of groups and individuals becomes itself a commodity in modern economy in the economy. This effect follows one of the postulates of the ultra-liberals, who claim that everything that is the object of human desire is a candidate for exchange (Latouche, 2005). If for Lacan – who proposes a re-reading of the Marxist thesis expressed in Capital – the objects circulating in neoliberal economies are essentially fetish objects, for Jesuino (2020) the phenomenon we are witnessing today would rather be the fetishization of national identities.
Similarly to the status of the object in perversion, fetish identity, which is the product of the capitalist fantasy, simultaneously denies and affirms castration…

English

In this article we will give an account of both some old and new forms of discrimination against migrants and refugees that can be observed today. Our aim is to explore from where stems the refusal of foreigners, in both the countries of transit and destination along current migratory routes; as well as to understand the rejection of otherness encountered in diverse forms in the societies of origin. With a view to constructing a topology of the use of the “foreigner” in the maintenance and legitimisation of inequalities in cultures where neoliberalism has become a central ideology, we will explore the discursive dynamics that produce exclusion through the rejection of the radically other and the radicalisation of “small differences”. To that end, we will focus on the news coverage of migratory waves, in order to demonstrate how neoliberalism creates a homogenisation of the biopolitical processes at work in the management of populations. We will consider how this ideology aims to promote a management of the foreign subject, assigning them an abject social, political and subjective place, in which they suffer the effects of discursive distress (Rosa, 2016).

  • psychoanalysis
  • exclusion
  • neoliberalism
  • biopolitics
  • migration
Français

Le refus de l’étranger. Migrations, discours et exclusions dans la subjectivité néolibérale

Dans cet article nous tenterons de rendre compte d’anciennes et de nouvelles formes de discrimination à l’œuvre aujourd’hui, afin d’appréhender le refus de l’étranger dans les pays de transit et de destination des flux migratoires actuels, mais aussi le refus de l’altérité rencontré sous plusieurs formes dans les sociétés de départ. Nous explorerons les dynamiques discursives de production de l’exclusion à travers le refus du radicalement autre et la radicalisation des « petites différences », en vue de construire une topologie de l’usage de l’étranger dans le maintien et la légitimation des inégalités dans les cultures où le néolibéralisme est devenu une idéologie centrale. Dans ce but, nous nous concentrerons sur l’actualité des vagues migratoires pour montrer comment le néolibéralisme provoque une homogénéisation des processus biopolitiques concernant la gestion des populations. Nous envisagerons comment cette idéologie vise à promouvoir une gestion du sujet étranger lui assignant un lieu social, politique et subjectif abject, dans lequel le sujet subit des effets de détresse discursive (Rosa, 2016).

  • psychanalyse
  • exclusion
  • néolibéralisme
  • biopolitique
  • migration
Português

A recusa do estrangeiro. Migração, discurso e exclusões na subjetividade neoliberal

Neste artigo procuraremos dar conta de antigas e novas formas de discriminação que valem hoje em dia, a fim de compreender a recusa do estrangeiro nos países de trânsito e destino dos fluxos migratórios atuais, mas também a recusa da alteridade presente em várias formas nas sociedades de partida. Estudaremos as dinâmicas discursivas que produzem a exclusão através da recusa do radicalmente outro e da radicalização das “pequenas diferenças”. Pretendemos construir uma topologia do uso do estrangeiro na manutenção e legitimação das desigualdades nas culturas onde o neoliberalismo se tornou uma ideologia central. Para esse fim, nos focaremos nas ondas de migração atuais para mostrar como o neoliberalismo provoca uma homogeneização dos processos biopolíticos relativos à gestão das populações. Consideraremos como esta ideologia visa promover uma gestão do sujeito estrangeiro atribuindo-lhe um lugar social, político e subjetivo abjeto, no qual o sujeito sofre efeitos de aflição discursiva (Rosa, 2016).

  • psicanálise
  • exclusão
  • neoliberalismo
  • biopolítica
  • migração
Español

El rechazo del extranjero. Migraciones, discursos y exclusiones en la subjetividad neoliberal

En este artículo intentaremos dar cuenta de las antiguas y nuevas formas de discriminación vigentes actualmente, con el fin de comprender el rechazo del extranjero en los países de tránsito y de destinación en relación con los flujos migratorios actuales. También se tratará de abordar el rechazo de la alteridad que se encuentra bajo formas diversas en las sociedades de origen. Exploraremos las dinámicas discursivas de producción de la exclusión a través del rechazo de lo “radicalmente otro” y de la radicalización de las “pequeñas diferencias”, con el objetivo de construir una topología del uso del extranjero en el mantenimiento y la legitimación de las desigualdades de las culturas donde el neoliberalismo se ha vuelto una ideología central. Para ello nos focalizaremos en la actualidad de las olas migratorias para mostrar de qué manera el neoliberalismo provoca una homogenización de los procesos biopolíticos en relación a la gestión de las poblaciones. Consideraremos el modo en el que esta ideología intenta promover una gestión del sujeto extranjero asignándole un rol social, político y subjetivo abyecto en el cual sufre los efectos de padecimiento discursivo (Rosa, 2016).

  • psicoanálisis
  • exclusión
  • neoliberalismo
  • biopolítico
  • migración
Davide Giannica
Psychoanalyst. PhD in Psychology. ATER in psychology, University of Paris Cité. Member of INSERM, and member of the PCPP research laboratory (Clinical Psychology, Psychopathology Psychoanalysis - UR 4056).
Université Paris Cité – Laboratoire de recherche PCPP 71 Avenue Édouard Vaillant – 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt – France
Gabriel Inticher Binkowski
Psychoanalyst. Professor of Clinical Psychology at the University of São Paulo. Member of the Laboratory of Psychoanalysis, Society and Politics (PSOPOL-IP/USP). Associate editor of the Revista Psicologia USP. Responsible for the clinical axis of the Veredas Group - Psychoanalysis and Migration. Coordinator of the Relapso Group - Religion, Social Link and Psychoanalysis.
Instituto de Psicologia da USP Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 1721 – CEP 05508-030 – Butantã – São Paulo – Brazil
Marie Rose Moro
Psychoanalyst. Professor of child and adolescent psychiatry, University of Paris Cité. Head of Department of the Maison des adolescents de l’Hôpital Cochin. Inserm Researcher (CESP, Unit 1018). Member of the PCPP research laboratory (UR 4056). Member of the Institut Universitaire de France. Scientific Director of the journal L’Autre. Maison des adolescents de l’Hôpital Cochin 97, boulevard de Port-Royal – 75679 Paris Cedex 14 – France
Translated from French by
Kirsten Ellerby
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